Lesson 36 – الدَّرْسُ السَّادِسُ وَالثَّلاثُونَ

Declension of the Present Verb – إِعْرَابُ الفِعْلِ المُضِارِعِ

Introduction - مُقَدِّمَةٌ

• In Lesson 25 "Declension and Indeclension" we learnt that declension means that the case-ending of the last letter of a word changes from đammah (ـُـ) (ضَمَّةٌ) to fatħah (ـَـ) (فَتْحَةٌ) or sukūn (ـْـ) (سُكُونٌ) according to the function of the word in the sentence and particles that precede it, i.e. naŝb particles أَدَوَاتُ النَّصْبِ such as “an” أنْ or “lan” لَنْ; ĵazm particles أَدَوَاتُ الْجَزْمِsuch as “lam” لَمْ; or the prohibitive particle “la” لا.
• In this lesson In-Shā’-Allâh we will learn the declension of the present verb. We elaborated its types in Lesson 18. The present verb has three cases: Rafξ  رَفْعٌ (the nominative), Naŝb نَصْبٌ (the accusative), and Ĵazm جَزْمٌ (the genitive), as follows:

1. First case of the present verb is the Rafξ رَفْعٌ. The present verb is originally in the Rafξ case. Consider the following example of a question using “ayna” (أَيْنَ) and the answer to it:

Translation	Transliteration	Example
Where do you go, my son?	/Ilā ayna satadhhab-u yā bunayya?/	إِلَى أَيْنَ سَتَذْهَبُ يَا بُنَيَّ؟
I will go to visit my friends	/Sa'adhahab-u liziyārati aŝdiqā'ī/	سَأَذْهَبُ لِزِيارَةِ أَصْدِقَائِي

2. The second case of the present verb is the naŝb نَصْبٌ, where the case-ending of the last letter changes from Đammah ضَمّةٍ  to Fatħah فَتْحَةٍ when it is preceded by certain particles, which we will learn latter in this lesson. Consider the following example of an yes/no question using “hal” (هَلْ)and the answer to it:

Translation	Transliteration	Example
Will you live in Egypt?	/Hal sataskun-u fī miŝra?/	هَلْ سَتَسْكُنُ فِي مِصْرَ؟
No, I will not live in Egypt but I will to visit it	/Lā, lan askun-a fī miŝr wa lākin urīdu an azūr-a-ha faqaŧ/	لا، لَنْ أَسْكُنَ فِي مِصْرَ وَلَكِنْ أُرِيدُأَنْ أَزُورَها فَقَطْ.

3. The third case of the present verb declension is the Ĵazm جَزْمٌ where the case-ending of the last letter changes from the Đammah to Sukūn. Consider the following examples of present verbs preceded by Ĵazm particles “lā” and “lam”:

Translation	Transliteration	Example
The student has not drunk milk	/Lam yashrabi ŧ-ŧâlibu al-labana/	لَمْ يَشْرَبِ الطَّالِبُ اللَّبَنَ
Do not stay up long, lest your body should be exhausted	/La tas-har kathīran fa'inna as-sahara yutξibu al-ĵisma/	لا تَسْهَرْ كَثِيرًا فَإنَّ السَّهَرَ يُتْعِبُ الْجِسْمَ.

• So, we can say that a present verb has three cases: Rafξ  (يَشْرَبُ), Naŝb (لَنْ يَشْرَبَ) and Ĵazm (لَمْ يَشْرَبْ).
  
  
  Present verb in the Rafξ  case
  • Study the verbs in the following examples. All verbs are present and at the Rafξ  رَفْعٌ case:

  Translation	Transliteration	Example
  The student likes his teacher so much	Yuhibb-u al-ŧâlibu ustādhah-u kathīran	يُحِبُّ الطَّالِبُ أُسْتَاذَهُ كَثِيرًا
  As he teaches him all that he knows	Fahuwa yuξallim-u-hu kulla mā ξindahu min al-khibrah	فَهُوَ يُعَلِّمُهُ كُلَّ مَا عِنْدَهُ مِنَ الْخِبْرَةِ
  And does not conceal any information from him	Wa la yabkhal-u ξalayhi bi’ayyati  maξlūmatin	وَلا يَبْخَلُ عَلَيْهِ بِأَيَّةِ مَعْلُومَةٍ
  And does not get upset about his frequent inquiries	Wa la yaghdab-u min kathrati as'ilatihi	وَلا يَغْضَبُ مِنْ كَثْرَةِ أَسْئلَتِهِ
  But he feels happy at these questions	Bal yakūn-u saξīdan bihādhihi l-as’ilati	بَلْ يَكُونُ سَعِيدًا بِهَذِه الأَسْئِلَةِ
  So the student respects his teacher	Wa lihādhā yahtarim-u al-tālibu ustadhahu	وَلِهَذَا يَحْتَرِمُ الطَّالِبُ أُسْتاذَهُ
  And obeys him and does not oppose any demand	Wa yutīξ-u-hu wa la yarfud-u lahu talaban	وَيُطِيعُهُ وَلا يَرْفُضُ لَهُ طَلَبًا

  • Looking at these examples, we find that all the verbs are present and at the Rafξ  رَفْعٌ case, i.e. the case-ending of the last letter is Đammah ضَمَّةٌ (ـُـ), which is pronounced /-u/. The present verb is originally in the Rafξ  case unless it is preceded by Naŝb or Ĵazm particles.
    
    
    The present verb is Naŝb case
    • The second case of the present verb is Naŝb نَصْبٌ, i.e. the case-ending of the last letter is Fatħahفَتْحَةٌ (ـَـ), which is pronounced /-a/. Consider the following examples:

    يَنَامَ	نَخْرُجَ	يَنْتَصِرَ	يَضِيعَ	Verb
    Yanām-a	nakhruĵ-a	Yantasir-a	Yadhīξ-a	Transliteration
    to sleep	to go out	to prevail	to be lost	Meaning

    • The Naŝb نَصْبُ case of the present verb has two conditions:
    1. The present verb is preceded by the Negative Lan "لَنْ" النَّافِيَةِ [see Lesson 31], which negates the occurring the present verb in the future. The Negative Lan changes the present verb case from Rafξ to Naŝb. So it is a Naŝb particle أَدَاةُ نَصْبٍ. Consider the following examples:

    Translation	Transliteration	Example
    No right will be lost if there is a claimer	Lan yadhīξ-a ħaqqun warā'ahu muŧâlib	لَنْ يَضِيعَ حَقٌّ وَرَاءَه مُطَالِبٌ
    Evil will never prevail over good	Lan yantaŝir-a al-sharru ξala al-khairi abadan	لَنْ يَنْتَصِرَ الشَّرُّ عَلَى الْخَيْرِ أَبَدًا
    We will not go out of the home until it stops rain	Lan nakhruĵ-a min al-baiti ħattan yantahi al-maŧaru	لَنْ نَخْرُجَ مِنْ الْبَيْتِ حَتَى يَنْتَهِي الْمَطَرُ
    The child will not sleep until he stops crying	Lan yanām-a al-ŧiflu hatta yakuffa ξan al-bukā'i	لَنْ يَنَامَ الطِّفْلُ حَتَّى يَكُفَّ عَنْ الْبُكَاءِ

    2. The present verb is preceded by أَنْ (an), which is a present verb Naŝb particle. It differs from the Negative Lan, as أَنْ is a gerund particle, i.e. it makes the present verb after it like a gerund. Consider the following examples:

    Translation	Transliteration	Example
    I like Egypt and want to live there	Ana uhibbu misra wa urīdu anaξīsh-a hunaka	أَنا أُحِبُّ مِصْرَ وَأُرِيدُ أَنْ أَعِيشَهُنَاكَ
    I want to study Arabic	Urīdu an adrus-a al-lughata al-ξarabiyata	أُرِيدُ أَنْ أَدْرُسَ اللُّغَةَ الْعَرَبِيَّةَ
    The teacher asks his student to write down the lesson	Yatlubu al-ustāzhu min al-tālibian yaktub-a ad-darsa	يَطْلُبُ الأُسْتَاذُ مِنْ الطَّالِبِ أَنْيَكْتُبَ الدَّرْسَ
    And read much	Wa an yaqra'-a kathīran	وَأَنْ يَقْرَأَ كَثِيرًا
    And this is help me to learn faster	Wa hāzha yusāξiduni anataξallam-a bisurξatin	وَهَذَا يُسَاعِدُنِي عَلَى أَنْ أَتَعَلَّمَبِسُرْعَةٍ

    • The previous examples have the following verbs and below each is its gerund  مَصْدرٍ:

    أَنْ أَتَعَلَّمَ	أَنْ يَقْرَأَ	أَنْ يَكْتُبَ	أَنْ أدْرُسَ	Verb infinitive preceded by “an”
    an ataξallam-a	an yaqra'-a	an yaktub-a	an adrus-a	Transliteration
    To learn	To read	To write	To study	Translation
    تَعَلُّمٌ	قِرَاءَةٌ	كِتَابَةٌَ	دِراسَةٌ	Gerund of the verb
    Taξallum	Qirā'ah	Kitābah	Dirāsah	Transliteration
    Learning	Reading	Writing	Studying	Meaning

    • From the previous examples we can make the gerund from particle أَنْ plus the present verb:

    Transliteration	Example
    Ana uhibbu misra wa urīdu al-ξayshahunāka	أَنَا أُحِبُّ مِصْرَ وَأُرِيدُ الْعَيْشَ هُنَاكَ
    Urīdu dirāsata al-lughata al-ξarabiyata	أُرِيدُ  دِرَاسَةَ اللُّغَة العَرَبِيَّة
    Yatlubu al-ustāzhu min al-tālibi kitābataal-darsa	يَطْلُبُ الأُسْتَاذُ مِنْ الطَّالِبِ كِتَابَةَ الدَّرْس
    Wa al-qirā'ata kathīran	وَالْقِرَاءَةَ كَثِيرًا
    Wa hādha yusāξiduni ala at-taξalumibisurξatin	وَهَذَا يُسَاعِدُنِي عَلَى التَّعَلُّمِ بِسُرْعَةٍ

    
    

    Ĵazm of Present verb

    • The third case of the present verb declension is the Ĵazm جَزْمُ where the case-ending of the last letter changes from the Đammah to Sukūn. Consider the following examples:

    يَنْهَرُ	يُهْمِلُ	يَشْرَبُ	يَرْفُضُ	رَفْعٌ Rafξ
    Yanhar-u	Yuhmil-u	Yashrab-u	Yarfud-u	Transliteration
    Scold	Neglect	Drink	Refuse	Translation
    يَنْهَرَ	يُهْمِلَ	يَشْرَبَ	يَرْفُضَ	نَصْبٌ Naŝb
    Yanhar-a	Yuhmil-a	Yashrab-a	Yarfud-a	Transliteration
    يَنْهَرْ	يُهْمِلْ	يَشْرَبْ	يَرْفُضْ	جزم Ĵazm
    Yanhar	Yuhmil	Yashrab	Yarfud	Transliteration

    • Now we will learn when the present verb's case-ending changes from a Đammah to Sukūn. Consider the following examples:

    Translation	Transliteration	Example
    I have not rejected help	Ana lam arfud il-musāξadata	أَنَا لَمْ أَرْفُضِ الْمُسَاعَدَةَ
    Why do you not drink milk, Khalid	Limādha lam tashrab al-halība ya Khalidu	لِمَاذَا لَمْ تَشْرَبِ الحَلِيبَ يَا خَالِدُ
    Do not neglect your lessons, Ibrahim	Ya Ibrahim la tuhmil durusaka	يَا إِبْرَاهِيمُ لا تُهْمِلْ  دُرُوسَكَ
    Do not speak harshly to your parents	Ya ghulamu la tanhar wālidaika	يَا غُلامُ لا تَنْهَرْ وَالِدَيْكَ
    I have not studied Arabic	Lam adrus al-lughata al-arabiya	لَمْ أَدْرُسِ اللُّغَةَ العَرَبِيَّةَ

    • From these examples we notice that there are two present verb Ĵazm particles: Negative lam "لَم" النَّافِيَةُ [which negates the action of the present verb in the past] and Prohibitive la "لا" النَّاهِيَةُ[which is specifically for the second person pronouns, and this is the difference between it and the Negative la "لا" النَّافِيَةِ which does not change the present verb case-ending]. These Ĵazm particles change the present verb case-ending from Đammah to Sukūn:
    1. The following are examples on Negative lam "لَم" النَّافِيَةِ, which negates the action of the present verb in the past and changes the present verb case-ending from Đammah ضَمَّةٍ(ـُـ) /-u/ to Sukūn سُكُونٍ (ـْـ) [the Sukūn means that no vowel appear on the case-ending of the word, i.e. it ends with a consonant].

    Sentence in the negative with the ver preceded by ĵazm particle “lam”	Sentence in the affirmative
    لَمْ يَدْرُسْ عَلِيٌّ اللُّغَةَ العَرَبِيَّةَ فِي مِصْرَ	يَدْرُسُ عَلِيٌّ اللُّغَةَ العَرَبِيَّةَ فِي مِصْرَ	Example
    Lam yadrus Ali-un al-lughat-a al-arabiya-ta fi Misr-a	Yadrus-u Ali-un al-lughat-a al-arabiya-ta fi Misr-a	Transliteration
    Ali has not studied Arabic in Egypt	Ali studies Arabic in Egypt	Translation
    لََمْ يَكْتُبِ الطَّالِبُ وَاجِبَهُ فِي المَدْرَسَةِ	يَكْتُبُ الطَّالِبُ وَاجِبَهُ	Example
    Lam yaktub al-tālib-u waĵibah-u	Yaktub-u al-tālib-u waĵibah-u	Transliteration
    The student has not written his homework	The student wrote his homework	Translation
    لَمْ يُشاهِدْ أَحْمَدُ التِّلْفازَ اليَوْمَ	يُشَاهِدُ أَحْمَدُ التِّلْفازَ كُلَّ يَوْمٍ	Example
    Lam yushāhid Ahmed-u al-telfaz-a al-yawm-a	Yushāhid-u Ahmed al-telfaz-a kulla yawm-in	Transliteration
    Ahmed has not watched the television today	Ahmed watches the television every day	Translation

    2. The following are examples on Prohibitive la "لا" النَّاهِيَةِ, which is used with second person and is different from the Negative la "لا" النَّافِيَةِ [see Lesson 31] that does not change the present verb case-ending. In other words, Prohibitive la "لا" النَّاهِيَةُ is used in the imperative, i.e. to order somebody not to do something. Consider the following examples:

    اِسْتَيْقِظْ	تَكَلَّمْ	اِسْمَعْ	اِشْرَبْ	اُكْتُبْ	Imperative
    Istayqidh	Takallam	Ismaξ	Ishrab	Uktub	Transliteration
    Wake up	Speak	Listen	Drink	Write	Translation
    لا تَسْتَيْقِظْ	لا تَتَكَلَّمْ	لا تَسْمَعْ	لا تَشْرَبْ	لا تَكْتُبْ	Prohibitive
    La tastayqidh	La tatakallam	La tasmaξ	La tashrab	La taktub	Transliteration
    Do not wake up	Do not speak	Do not listen	Do not drink	Do not write	Translation

    • The following are examples on Prohibitive la "لا" النَّاهِيَةِ:

    Translation	Transliteration	Example
    Do not eat the street food, Said	La ta'kul taξam-a al-shāriξ-i yā Saξid	لا تَأكُلْ طَعَامَ الشَّارِعِ يَا سَعِيدُ
    Do not sit in another place, Salem	La taĵlis illa fi makān-in ākhar-a yā Salem	لا تَجْلِسْ إِلا فِي مَكَانٍ آخَرَ يَا سَالِمُ
    Do not stay up much lest your health becomes worse	La tashar kathīr-an hatta la tasū'-a sihhatuk-a	لا تَسْهَرْ كَثِيرًا حَتَى لا تَسُوْءَ صِحَّتُكَ
    Do not neglect your duty	La tuhmil ξamalak-a	لا تُهْمِلْ عَمَلَكَ

    
    

    Revision - مُرَاجَعَةٌ

    Meaning	Word	Meaning	Word
    Paradise	الجَنَّةُ	Staying up	السَّهَرُ
    The patient	الصَّابِرونَ	Exhausted/to be exhausting	أَتْعَبَ/يُتْعِبُ
    Neglected/to neglect	أَهْمَلَ/يُهْمِلُ	Body	الْجِسْمُ
    Lost/to lose	خَسِرَ/يَخْسَرُ	Experience	الْخِبْرَةُ
    Became worse/to become worse	سَاءَ/يَسُوْء	Information	مَعْلُومَةٌ
    Your health	صِحَّتُكَ	Requested/to request	طَلَب/يَطْلُبُ
    Respected/to respect	وَقَّرَ/يُوَقِّرُ	Respected/to respect	اِحْتَرَمَ/يَحْتَرِمُ
    Problem	مُشْكِلَةٌ	Obeyed/to obey	أَطَاعَ/يُطِيعُ
    His parents	وَالِدَاه	To be stingy	بَخِلَ/يَبْخَلُ
    Prohibition	النَّهْيُ	Got angry/To get angry with	غَضِب/يَغْضَبُ
    Imperative	الأَمْرُ	To feel	شَعرَ/يَشْعُرَ
    Hot	سَّاخِن	Warmth	الدِّفْءُ
    To let	يَدَعُ	Was lost/to be lost	ضَاعَ/يَضِيعَ
    To make you suspicious	رَابَكَ/ يَرِيبُكَ	Right	حَقٌّ
    To amuse oneself	رَوَّحَ/يُرَوِّحُ	Sent/to send	أَرْسَلَ/يُرْسِلُ
    Refused/to refuse	رَفَضَ/يَرْفُضُ	To prefer	فَضَّلَ/يُفَضِّلُ