Lesson 37 – الدَّرْسُ السَّابِعُ وَالثَّلاثُونَ

Introduction - مُقَدِّمَةٌ

• As we learnt in Lesson 35, the Five Verbs الأفْعَال الخَمْسَة are any present verb suffixed by أَلِف الاثْنَيْن alif al-ithnayn (dual alif suffix) /-ān/, وَاو الْجَمَاعَة wāw al-ĵamāξah (masculine plural wāw suffix) /-ūn/ or /-īn/, or يَاء الْمُخَاطَبَة yā' al-mukhâŧabah (second person feminine singular yā’ suffix) /-īn/.
• Examples:

الْجُمْلَةُ Sentence			الْفِعْلُ Verb	الضَّمِيرُ Pronoun
Picture	English	Arabic
	People go to the market to buy fruits	النَّاسُ يَذْهَبُونَ إِلَى السُّوقِ، وَيَشْتَرُونَ الفَاكِهَةَ.	يَذْهَبُونَ (They) go يَشْتَرُونَ (They) buy	هُمْ Hum	جَمْعُ الْمُذَكَّرُ Masc. pl.
	You love good and hate evil	أَنْتُمْ تُحِبُّون الْخَيْرَ، وَتَكْرَهُونَ الشَّرَّ.	تُحِبُّون (you plural) like تَكْرَهُونَ (you plural) hate	أَنْتُمْ Antum
	The two students live in a the same city	الطَّالِبَانِ يَسْكُنَانِ فِي مَدِينَة وَاحِدَةٍ.	يَسْكُنَانِ (They) live	هُمَا Humā	الْمُثَنَّى Dual
	You are two students studying Qur’an together	أنْتُمَا طَالِبتانِ تَدْرُسَانِ القُرْآن معا.	تَدْرُسَانِ (you dual) study	أَنْتُمَا antumā
	You sleep much, Fatima	أَنْتِ تَنَامِينَ كَثِيرًا يَا فَاطِمَةُ.	تَنَامِينَ (You feminine) sleep	أَنْتِ Anti	الْمُفْرَدَةُ الْمُخَاطَبَةُ 2nd person, fem. sing.

• The following table summarizes the verbs which are respectively in the sentences above:

تَنَامِينَ	تَدْرُسَانِ	يَسْكُنَانِ	تَكْرَهُونَ	تُحِبُّونَ	يَشْتَرُونَ	يَذْهَبُونَ	الْفِعْلُ Verb
tanam-īn-a	tadrus-ān-i	yaskun-ān-i	takrah-ūn-a	tuhib-ūn-a	yashtar-ūn-a	yadhhab-ūn-a	Translite-ration
Sleep	study	live	hate	Love	Buy	Go	Meaning

• All the above verbs end with ـونَ (-ūn), ـانِ (-ān) and ـينَ (-īn) and that is why the declension marks or vowels of declensionحَرَكَاتُ الإِعْرَابِ (đammah, fatħah and sukūn) do not appear on the case-ending of these verbs.

تَنَامُ	تَدْرُسُ	يَسْكُنُ	تَكْرَهُ	تُحِبُّ	يَذْهَبُ	Verb
sleep	study	live	Hate	love	go	Meaning

• So the declension marks of the Five Verbs are different from the declension marks of the sound or defective verbs.

Workers wake up early and go to work happily	يَسْتَيْقِظُ العُمَّالُ كُلَّ يَوْمٍ مُبَكِّرينَ، ثُمَّ يَذْهَبُونَ إِلَى عَمَلِهمْ وَهُمْ سُعَدَاءُ.
They work hard	فَيَعْمَلُونَ بِجِدٍّ وَاِجْتِهادٍ.
They do not neglect in their duty	وَلا يُقَصِّرُونَ فِي وَاجِباتِهمْ.
They know that they do a duty to the community	فَهُمْ يَعْلَمُونَ أَنَّهُمْ يُؤَدُّونَ وَاجِبًا تِجَاهَ الْمُجْتَمَعِ.
When they come back home, they takerest after an exhausting day	وَحِينَ يَعُودُونَ إِلَى بُيُوتِهِمْ فَإنَّهُمْ يَسْتَرِيحُونَ مِنْ تَعَبِ الْيَوْمِ.
They thank Allah for His help	وَيَشْكُرُونَ اللَّه عَلَى الْمُسَاعَدةِ.

• The following table summarizes the verbs which are respectively in the sentences above:

يَشْكُرُونَ	يَسْتَرِيحُونَ	يَعُودُونَ	يُؤَدُّونَ	يَعْلَمُونَ	يُقَصِّرُونَ	يَعْمَلُونَ	يَذْهَبُونَ
Yashkur-ūn-a	Yastarīh-ūn-a	Yaξud-ūn-a	Yu'add-ūn-a	Ya'lam-ūn-a	Yuqassir-ūn-a	Yaξmal-ūn-a	Yadhhab-ūn-a
thank	take rest	come back	do	Know	neglect	work	Go

1. In the Rafξ رَفْع case, because they are not preceded by any Naŝb نَصْب particles (أَنْ، لَنْ), Ĵazmجَزْم particles, such as the negating Lam لَمْ النَّافيَة, or the Prohibitive Laa لا which can be translated by لا النَّاهِيَة.
2. The mark of Rafξ رَفْع of these verbs is the Nūn نُون /-n/ at the end of the verb, while the marks of Naŝb نَصْب and Ĵazm جَزْم is the omission of the Nūn.
   
   
   The Naŝb of the Five Verbs
   • We will now learn the Naŝb mark of the Five Verbs. We learnt before the Naŝb particles أنْ and لَنْand how a sound verb فِعْل صَحِيح or a defective verb فِعْل مُعْتَلّ be in the Naŝb case with these particles. For example:

   أَنْ يَنَامَ	أَنْ نَخْرُجَ	لَنْ يَنْتَصِرَ	لَنْ يَضِيعَ	Verb
   an yanām-a	an nakhruĵ-a	lan yantaŝir-a	lan yađhīξ-a	Transliteration
   to sleep	to get out	will not win	will not be lost	Meaning

   • What about the Naŝb case with the Five Verbs. Consider the following examples:

   Translation	Examples
   The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: " You will not enter Paradise until youbelieve and you will not believe until youlove one another"	قال رَسُولُ اللَّهِ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم: "لَنْتَدْخُلُوا الْجَنَّةَ حَتَّى تُؤمِنُوا، وَلَنْ تُؤمِنَوا حَتَّىتَحَابُّوا، أَوَلا أَدُلَّكُمْ عَلَى شَيْءٍ إِذَا فَعْلْتُمُوهُ تَحَابَبْتُمْ؛ أَفْشُوا السَّلامَ بَيْنَكُمْ"
   Allah (Exalted be He) says: "By no means shall you attain to righteousness until youspend (benevolently) out of what you love"	قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالى:"لَنْ تَنَالُوا الْبِرَّ حَتَّى تُنْفِقُوا مِمَّا تُحِبُّونَ"
   Muslims should propagate the sound teachings of Islam	يَجِبُ عَلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ أَنْ يَنْشُروُا تَعالِيمَ الإسْلامِ الصَّحِيحَةَ.
   They should inform people of its truth	وَأنْ يُخْبِرُوا النَّاسَ بِحَقِيقَتِهِ.
   They should teach people its moderateness	وَأنْ يُعَلِّموُا النَّاسَ أيْضًا وَسَطِيَّتهِ.

   • Notice the following verbs that are stated in the above examples:

   تُنْفِقُوا	تَحَابُّوا	تُؤمِنُوا	تَنالُوا	تُؤْمِنُوا	تَدْخُلُوا	Verb
   tunfiq-ū	taħābb-ū	tu'min-ū	tanāl-ū	tu'min-ū	tadkhul-ū	Transliteration
   spend	love one another	believe	attain	Believe	enter	Meaning

   • These verbs are from the Five Verbs. The Nūn نُون ["N" letter] is omitted because the verbs are in the Nasb نَصْب case. The Nasb particle here is the article حَتَّى (ħattā).
   • The Nūn (ن) is also omitted from the following verbs, because the verbs come after the Nasb particleأَنْ

   يُعَلِّموُا	يُخْبِرُوا	يَنْشُروُا	Verb
   yuξallim-ū	yukhbir-ū	yanshur-ū	Transliteration
   teach	inform	propagate	Meaning

   • So we can say that the Naŝb mark of the Five Verbs is the omission of the Nūn ("ن" letter). Here are some Naŝb particles of the present verb:

   حَتَّى	لَنْ	أَنْ
   ħattā	lan	An

   
   

   The Five Verbs in Ĵazm جَزْم case

   • The third case of the Five Verbs declension is the Ĵazm جَزْم case. In this lesson we learnt that there are two Ĵazm particles: Negative lam "لَمْ" النَّافِيَة and Prohibitive lā "لا" النَّاهِيَة. We also learnt that the Ĵazm mark in the sound verbs is the Sukūn (ـْـ). But the Ĵazm mark in the Five Verbs is the omission of the Nūn. Consider the following examples:

   Allah says: "Kill not your children for fear of want: We shall provide sustenance for them as well as for you"	قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: "وَلا تَقْتُلُوا أَوْلادَكُمْ خَشْيَةَ إِمْلاقٍنَحْنُ نَرْزُقُهُمْ وَإيَّاكُمْ"
   Allah says: "Nor come nigh to adultery: for it is a shameful (deed) and an evil, opening the road (to other evils)"	قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: "وَلا تَقْرَبُوا الزِّنَا إِنَّهُ كَانَ فَاحِشَةً وَسَاءَ سَبِيلا"
   May people have not understood the truth of Islam so far	كَثِيرٌ مِنَ النَّاسِ لَمْ يَفْهَمُوا حَقِيقَةَ الإِسْلامِ حَتَّى الآن.
   Why have you not performed al-Maghrib Prayer so far	لِمَاذَا لَمْ تُصَلُّوا المَغْرِبَ حَتَّى الآنَ.
   The boys have not gone to the sports club today	الأوْلادُ لَمْ يَذْهَبُوا إِلَى النَّادِي الْيَوْمَ.

   • Notice the following verbs that are stated in the above examples:

   يَذْهبُوا	تُصَلُّوا	يَفْهَمُوا	تَقْرَبُوا	تَقْتُلُوا	Verb
   yadhhab-ū	tusall-ū	yafham-ū	taqrab-ū	taqtul-ū	Transliteration
   go	pray	understand	come nigh	kill	Meaning

   • In the above verbs, the Nūn is omitted because they are from the Five Verbs whose Naŝb and Ĵazm marks are the omission of the Nūn.

   يَذْهَب	يَفْهَمْ	تَقْرَبْ	تَقْتُلْ	Ordinary verbs in the Ĵazm case
   yadhhab	yafham	taqrab	taqtul	Meaning
   يَذْهَبُوا	يَفْهَمُوا	تَقْرَبُوا	تَقْتُلُوا	Five Verbs in the Ĵazm case
   yadhhab-ū	yafham-ū	taqrab-ū	taqtul-ū	Transliteration

   • In a nutshell, the Five verbs have to forms: with the Nūn (in the Rafξ رَفْع case) and without (omission of) the Nūn in cases of Naŝb نَصْب and Ĵazm جَزْم.
     
     
     Revision – مُرَاجَعَةٌ

     Meaning	Word	Meaning	Word
     Traveler	المُسَافِرُ	get ready	اسْتَعَدَّ/يَسْتَعِد
     Happy	سُعَداء	workers neglect	العُمَّالُ يُقَصِّرُونَ
     Exhausted	تَعَبِ/يَتْعَبُ	(you plural will) win	سَتَرْبَحُون
     Their duties	وَاجِباتهم	(they) perform	يُؤَدُّونَ
     Fire	النَّارُ	Paradise	الجَنَّةُ
     Teachings	تَعالِيم	Moderateness	وَسَطِيَّتهِ
     Salutation	السَّلام	Disseminate	أَفْشُوا
     Righteousness	البِرّ	Love one another	تَحَابُّون
     Machines	الآلاتُ	(you) spend	تُنْفِقُون
     Doctors	الأطِبَّاء	(they) examine	يَفْحَصُونَ
     (we shall) provide sustenance for them	نَرْزُقُهُم	For fear of want	خَشْيَةَ إمْلاقٍ
     Believe	تُؤمِنَون	An evil	فَاحِشَة
     Fear Allah	اتَّقُوا الله	come high	تَقْرَبُون
     stones	الْحِجَارَةُ	adultery	الزِّنَا