Lesson 10 -الدَّرْسُ الْعَاشِرُ

Introduction – مُقَدِّمَةٌ

• In this lesson we will In-Shā’-Allâh learn the following things:
• The Possessive Pronouns (the words used instead of nouns to show possession or ownership of something)

Possessive Pronoun	Example	Arabic
Your (masculine) book	كِتَابُكَ	(كَ)
Your (feminine) book	كِتَابُكِ	(كِ)
His book	كِتَابُهُ	(هُ)
Her book	كِتَابُهَا	(هَا)
My book	كِتَابِي	(ي)
Our book	كِتَابُنَا	(نَا)

• Two new words and their cases.

English	Arabic
Father	أَبٌ
Brother	أَخٌ

• In this lesson we will learn the use of a few new prepositions. We have learnt that prepositions are the words used to connect two or more words or sentences (Lesson No.4 section 3). Both of the prepositions have the same meaning but are used in different situations

English	Arabic
About	عَنْ
Along with / With / To have	مَعَ
At/In	بِـ

• In this lesson we will also learn the use of verbs with the pronouns. We have already learnt the simple form of the verb in (Lesson No. 4 section 12).

English	New form of verb	Pronoun Added		Simple Verb
You went	ذَهَبْتَ	You (masculine)	أَنْتَ	ذَهَبَ
You went	ذَهَبْتِ	You (feminine)	أَنْتِ
He went	ذَهَبَ	He	هُوَ
She went	ذَهَبَتْ	She	هِيَ
I went	ذَهَبْتُ	I	أَنَا
We went	ذَهَبْنَا	We	نَحْنُ

• We will also learn the vowel endings of the masculine nouns that are similar to the feminine nouns

English	Arabic
Hamza	حَمْزَةُ
Talha	طَلْحَةُ
Usama	أُسَامَةُ

Attached Pronouns - الضَّمَائِرُ الْمُتَّصِلَةُ

• In this lesson, we will learn a new topic which deals with the pronouns In-Shā’-Allâh (God-Willing). Pronouns are the words used instead of nouns. In Arabic the pronouns are generally of two types
• The Detached Pronouns (الضَّمَائِرُ الْمنْفَصِلَةُ)
• The Attached Pronouns (الضَّمَائِرُ الْمُتَّصِلَةُ)
• In English the Attached Pronouns (also called the Possessive Pronouns) are "words which show the possession (or relationship) of an object (or person) of something' e.g., if we want to express the possession of a book we would say: "this book is hers". Similarly if a person wants to express his possession of a pen, he would say, "This pen is mine". In Arabic however "The Possessive Pronouns" are suffixes (one or two letters attached at the end of a word) attached to the nouns only. They are not full-fledged words. Let’s take some examples to learn the rule

Translation	Transliteration	Arabic	Pronoun
This book is yours (masculine)	Hādhā kitābuka	هَـٰذَا كِتَابُكَ	(كَ)
This pen is yours (feminine)	Hādhā qalamuki	هَـٰذَا قَلَمُكِ	(كِ)
This bag is his	Hādhihi ħaqībatuhu	هَـٰذِهِ حَقِيبَتُهُ	(هُ)
This note book is hers	Hādhihi kurrâsatuha	هَـٰذِهِ كُرَّاسَتُهَا	(هَا)
This house is mine	Hādhā baitī	هَـٰذَا بَيْتِي	(ي)
Islam is our religion	Al Islāmu dīnuna	الإِسْلاَمُ دِيْنُنَا	(نَا)

• Following are some examples to better understand the above mentioned rules:

Pictures	English	Transliteration	Arabic
	Who are you? I am a new student from India	Man Anta? Anā ŧâlibun ĵadīdun minal hindi	مَنْ أَنْتَ؟ أَنَا طَالِبٌ جَدِيدٌ مِنَ الْهِنْدِ.
	What is your name? My name is Abbas	Mas muka? Ismi Abbasun	مَا اسْمُكَ؟ اسْمِي عَبَّاسٌ.
	And who is that sitting? He is my colleague and his name is Anser, he is from Japan.	Wa man hādhā alĵālisu? Huwa zamīlī was muhu ξanser huwa minal Yābāni	وَمَنْ هَـٰذَا الْجَالِسُ؟ هُوَ زَمِيلِي وَاسْمُهُعَنْصَرُ، هُوَ مِنَ اليَابَانِ.
	This is my pen and its colour is red.	Hādhā qalamī wa lawnuhu Aħmaru	هَذَا قَلَمِي وَلَوْنُهُ أَحْمَرُ.
	Oh Abbas what is your mother tongue? My mother tongue is Urdu and it is an easy language.	Ma lughatuka ya ξabbāsu? Lughati Urdiyyatun wahiya lughatun sahlatun.	مَا لُغَتُكَ يَا عَبَّاسُ؟ لُغَتِي أُرْدِيَّةٌ وَهِيَ لُغَةٌ سَهْلَةٌ.
	And what is Anser's mother tongue? His mother tongue is Japanese and it is a difficult language.	Wa ma hiya lughatu ξansara? Lughatuhu Al Yabaniyyatu wahiya lughatun ŝaξabatun	وَمَا هِيَ لُغَةُ عَنْصَرَ؟ لُغَتُهُ الْيَابَانِيَّةُ وَهِيَ لُغَةٌ صَعْبَةٌ

The five nouns - الأَسْمَاءُ الْخَمْسَةُ

• In this lesson we will learn the following two new words and the rules regarding their use In-Shā’-Allâh (God-Willing):

Translation	Transliteration	Arabic
Father	Abun	أَبٌ
Brother	Akhun	أَخٌ

• The words above belong to a category of five words called الأَسْمَاءُ الْخَمْسَةُ (we will learn the remaining three in later lessons In-Shā’-Allâh). When we want to say "Your book" in Arabic we sayكِتَابُكَ but when we want to say "your father", it would be written as أَبُوكَ and not أَبُكَ. Similar is the case with the word "brother" when a pronoun is added to it, a letter 'wāw' is added as a second last letter and hence the word will become أَخُوكَ instead of أَخُكَ.
• When any of these words annexed with pronouns appear in the nominative case (we will learn more about this later), the letter "wāw" is added as the penultimate (second to last) letter i.e., هَـٰذَا أَبُوكَ or ذََلِكَ أَخُوكَ but when they appear in genitive case (we will learn more about this later) the letter 'ya’' is added instead of 'wāw' and the word thus formed is أَبِيكَ or أَخِيكَ. 

English	Arabic	Case
Hamid's brother	أَخُو حَامِدٍ	حَالَةُ الرَّفْعِ Nominative Case
The father of Muhammad	أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ
Book of my brother	كِتَابُ أَخِي	حَالَةُ الْجَرِّ Genitive Case
Her father's house	بَيْتُ أَبِيهَ

• In this lesson we will learn about the vowel ending of the masculine nouns resembling the feminine nouns In-Shā’-Allâh (God-Willing). We have learnt that the feminine nouns have no tanwīn on their last letter e.g.: آمِنَةُ، فَاطِمَةُ، عَائِشَةُ etc. Similarly there are certain masculine proper nouns that have ة (tā’ marbūŧah) as their last letter - therefore they also do not have tanwīn on their last letter, e.g.: حَمْزَةُ، مُعَاوِيَةُ، حَنْظَلَةُ etc.
•  Let’s take some examples to better understand the rule:

Pictures	English	Arabic
	Fatima's husband is Mu'awiya.	زَوْجُ فاطِمَةَ مُعَاوِيَةُ.
	Khalid went out with Talha.	خَرَجَ خَالِدٌ مَعَ طَلْحَةَ.
	Your (feminine) car is with Usama.	سَيَّارَتُكِ مَعَ أُسَامَةَ.
	I went to Hamza.	ذَهَبْتُ إِلَىٰ حَمْزَةَ.

·      In this lesson we will also learn the use of "مَا" as a negative particle In-Shā’-Allâh (God-Willing). We have learnt the use of "مَا" as an interrogative (questioning) article in (Lesson No. 1 section 3).

Picture	English	Arabic
	Do you have a pen? No, I do not have a pen.	أَمَعَكَ قَلَمٌ؟ لاَ، مَا مَعِي قَلَمٌ.
	Do you have a bag? No, I do not have a bag.	أَمَعِكَ حَقِيبَةٌ؟ لاَ، مَا مَعِي حَقِيبَةٌ.
	Who is this child? This child is the son of Mu'awiya.	مَنْ هَذَا الطِّفْلُ؟ هَذَا الطِّفْلُ ابْنُ مُعاوِيَةَ.
	Did you go to Khalid? No, I went to Hanzala	أَذَهَبْتَ عِنْدَ خَالِدٍ؟ لاَ، ذَهَبْتُ عِنْدَ حَنْظَلَةَ

Revision – مُرَاجَعَةٌ

• In this lesson, we have learnt the following things:
• The Possessive Pronouns "الضَّمَائِرُ الْمُتَّصِلَةُ"
• Two of the Five Nouns "الأَسْمَاءُ الْخَمْسَةُ "
• Three new Prepositions "حُرُوفُ الْجَرِّ "
• Pronouns when added to the verbs.
• Vowel ending of masculine proper nouns similar to the feminine nouns i.e., having 'tā’ marbūŧah' as their last letter

Vocabulary Revision -  مُرَاجَعَةُ الْمُفْرَدَاتِ
Your (feminine)	كِ	Your (Masculine)	كَ
Her	هَا	His	هُ
Our	نَا	My, mine	ي
Brother	أَخٌ	Father	أَبٌ
With	مَعَ	With / Near	عِنْدَ
You went	ذَهَبْتَ	At / In	بِـ
She went	ذَهَبَتْ	You went (feminine)	ذَهَبْتِ
We went	ذَهَبْنَا	I went	ذَهَبْتُ
Religion	دِينٌ	Islam	الإِسْلامُ
Colour	لَوْنٌ	Colleague	زَمِيلٌ
Language/Mother tongue	لُغَةٌ	Red	أَحْمَرُ
Iraq	الْعِرَاقُ	Urdu	أُرْدِيَّةٌ
Child	طِفْلٌ	Husband	زَوْجٌ
French	الْفَرَنْسِيَّةُ	Kuwait	الْكُوَيْتُ

• Now that you have covered this lesson, please also try some of the additional features we have including: