Lesson 18 – الدَّرْسُ الثَّامِنَ عَشَرَ

Introduction - مُقَدِّمَةٌ

• In this lesson we will learn the following In-Shā’-Allâh (God willing):
• The dual form (الْمُثَنَّى) of the Arabic Nouns - i.e. the form that relates to two of something.   This is very important within the Arabic language and is used frequently.

English	Transliteration	Arabic	Sing. / Dual / Plural	Masc. / Fem.
The teacher (Singular)	/Al Mudarrisu/	الْمُدَرِّسُ	الْمُفْرَدُ	الْمُذَكَّرُ (Masc.)
Two teachers (Dual)	/Al Mudarrisāni/	الْمُدَرِّسَانِ	الْمُثَنَّى
The teachers (Plural)	/Al Mudarrisūna/	الْمُدَرِّسُونَ	الْجَمْعُ
The teacher (Singular)	/Al Mudarrisatu/	الْمُدَرِّسَةُ	الْمُفْرَدُ	الْمُؤَنَّثُ (Fem.)
Two teachers (Dual)	/Al Mudarrisatāni/	الْمُدَرِّسَتَانِ	الْمُثَنَّى
The teachers (Plural)	/Al Mudarrisātu/	الْمُدَرِّسَاتُ	الْجَمْعُ

• We will also learn the dual form of the Demonstrative Pronouns for the near objects for both the masculine and the feminine objects (i.e. these and those):

English	Transliteration	Arabic	Sing. / Dual / Plural	Masc. / Fem.
This (masculine)	/Hādhā/	هَذَا	الْمُفْرَدُ	الْمُذَكَّرُ
These (two)	/Hādhāni/	هَذَانِ	الْمُثَنَّى
These (all)	/Hā’ulā’i/	هَؤُلاءِ	الْجَمْعُ
This (feminine)	/Hādhihi/	هَذِهِ	الْمُفْرَدُ	الْمُؤَنَّثُ
These (two)	/Hātāni/	هَاتَانِ	الْمُثَنَّى
These all	/Hā’ulā’i/	هَؤُلاءِ	الْجَمْعُ

• And we will learn the Dual form of the Personal Pronouns for the third person:

English	Transliteration	Arabic	Sing. / Dual / Plural	Masc. / Fem.
He	/Howa/	هُوَ	الْمُفْرَدُ	الْمُذَكَّرُ
They (two)	/Humā/	هُمَا	الْمُثَنَّى
They all	/Hum/	هُمْ	الْجَمْعُ
She	/Hiya/	هِيَ	الْمُفْرَدُ	الْمُؤَنَّثُ
They (two)	/Humā/	هُمَا	الْمُثَنَّى
They all	/Hunna/	هُنَّ	الْجَمْعُ

• We will also learn a new interrogative Article in this lesson In-Shā’-Allâh (God willing):

English	Arabic
How many?	كَمْ؟

The Dual - الْمُثَنَّى  

• In Arabic, nouns fall into three categories namely

• Singular - which relates to a single noun
• Dual - which indicates two of something
• Plural - which indicates more than two of something

• In order to change a singular Arabic noun to the Dual the following steps are involved:
• Nominative Case:
• To change a singular masculine noun to the case of dual the following changes occur:
• The last letter of the word has its vowel replaced with a single /fatħah/ (i.e. replacing /the đammah/ or /dammatain/)
• The suffix of انِ is added to the word.

See some examples below:

• طَالِبٌ will become طَالِبَانِ 
• الطَّالِبُ will become الطَّالِبَانِ 

• To change a singular feminine noun with nominative case to the Dual, the following changes occur:
• The last letter ة /tā’ marbūŧah/ is changed to the letter ت  
• The last letter (which is now) ت has its vowel replaced with a single fatħah  (i.e. replacing /the đammaħ/ or /dammatain/),
• The suffix of انِ is added to the word.

See some examples below:

•  طَالِبَةٌ will become طَالِبَتَانِ 
• الطَّالِبَةُ will become الطَّالِبَتَانِ 

• Genitive and Accusative Case:
• To change a singular masculine noun with accusative or genitive case to the Dual:
• A single /fatħah/ is added on the last letter instead of the accusative case with a /fatħah/ or genitive case with a kasrah/
• The suffix /Ya’-Nūn/ يْنِ i.e., a Ya’ with /Sukūn/ and /Nūn/ with a /Kasrah/ is added.

See some examples below:

• مَعَ مُدَرِّسٍ will become مَعَ مُدَرِّسَيْنِ
• عِنْدَ الْمُدَرِّسِ will become عِنْدَ الْمُدَرِّسَيْنِ

• To change a singular feminine noun with accusative or genitive case to the Dual:
• The last letter ة /tā’ marbūŧah/ is changed to the letter ت
• A single fatħah is added on the last letter instead of the accusative case with a /fatħah/ or genitive case with a /kasrah/
• The suffix /Ya’-Nūn/ يْنِ i.e., a /Ya’/ with /Sukūn/ and /Nūn/ with a /Kasrah/ is added.

See some examples below:

• فِي حَقِيبَةٍ will become فِي حَقِيبَتَيْنِ
• فَوْقَ الشَّجَرَةِ will become فَوْقَ الشَّجَرَتَيْنِ 
• Let’s look at some more examples for a better understanding of the rule: 

Picture	English	Arabic
	A brother in the house Two brothers in the house	أَخٌ فِي الْبَيْتِ. أَخَوَانِ فِي الْبَيْتِ.
	Two daughters with a teacher Two daughters with two teachers	بِنْتَانِ مَعَ مُدَرِّسَةٍ. بِنْتَانِ مَعَ مُدَرِّسَتَيْنِ.
	A book in the bag Two books in the two bags	كِتَابٌ فِي الْحَقِيبَةِ. كِتَابَانِ فِي الْحَقِيبَتَيْنِ.

Revision - مُرَاجَعَةٌ

• In this lesson we have learnt the following things:

• The dual form of the Arabic nouns,
• The dual form of the demonstrative pronouns for the near objects (this)
• A new interrogative article to ask "how many?"

Vocabulary Revision – مُرَاجَعَةُ الْمُفْرَدَاتِ
The two teachers	الْمُدَرِّسَانِ	Dual	الْمُثَنَّى
These two (masculine)	هَذَانِ	The two lady teachers	الْمُدَرِّسَتَانِ
They (dual)	هُمَا	These two (feminine)	هَاتَانِ
Two teachers	مُدَرِّسَيْنِ	How many?	كَمْ
The two trees	الشَّجَرَتَيْنِ	Two bags	حَقِيبَتَيْنِ
Two lady teachers	مُدَرِّسَتَيْنِ	Two girls	بِنْتَانِ
Two brothers	أَخَوَانِ	Two kitchens	مَطْبَخَانِ
Two boys	وَلَدَانِ	Two gardens	حَدِيقَتَانِ
The two books	الْكِتَابَانِ	Two keys	مِفْتَاحَانِ
Two pens	قَلَمَانِ	Two watches	سَاعَتَانِ
Two note-books	كُرَّاسَتَانِ	Two doors	بَابَانِ
A ruler / Two rulers	مِسْطَرَةٌ \ مِسْطَرَتَانِ	A poor man / Two poor men	فَقِيرٌ \ فَقِيرَانِ
An orphan / Two orphans	يَتِيمٌ \ يَتِيمَانِ	A wheel / Two wheels	عَجَلَةٌ \ عَجَلَتَانِ
The cycle	الدَّرَّاجَةٌ	An Eid festival / Two Eid festivals	عِيدٌ \ عِيدَانِ
Eid-ul-Fitr	عِيدُ الْفِطْرِ	Eid-ul-Adha	عِيدُ الأَضْحَ