Lesson 21 - اَلدَّرْسُ الْحَادِي وَالْعِشْرُون

Introduction –مُقَدِّمَةٌ

• In this lesson we will learn the following In-Shā’-Allâh (God-willing):
• We will learn about the words which do not have tanwīn i.e.: double Vowel sign in any case. These types of words are called Diptotes in English and اَلْمَمْنُوعُ مِنَ الصَّرْفِ in Arabic.  There are many reasons that will cause a word to fall under the classification of a diptote. Examples are listed below along with their reason for falling under this classification: 

English	Reason for not having Tanwīn	Arabic
Fatima (name)	Feminine Proper nouns do not have Tanwīn	فَاطِمَةُ
Hasnaa (name)	Feminine Proper nouns do not have Tanwīn	حَسْنَاءُ
Hamda (name)	Feminine Proper nouns do not have Tanwīn	حَمْدَى
Hamza (name)	Masculine Proper nouns ending in "Tā’ Marbūŧah" do not have Tanwīn	حَمْزَةُ
Anwar (name)	Masculine Proper nouns on pattern of أَفْعَلُ do not have Tanwīn	أَنْوَرُ
Black	Adjectives on the pattern of أَفْعَلُ do not have Tanwīn	أَسْوَدُ
Thirsty	Adjectives on the pattern of فَعْلاَنُ do not have Tanwīn	عَطْشَانُ
Pakistan	Non-Arabic Proper nouns do not have Tanwīn	بَاكِسْتَانُ

• Some of the patterns of Broken Plurals do not have Tanwīn e.g.:

English	Pattern of Broken Plural:	Arabic
Doctors	أَفْعِلاءُ	أَطِبَّاءُ
Agents	فُعَلاءُ	وُكَلاءُ
Mosques	مَفَاعِلُ	مَسَاجِدُ
Keys	مَفَاعِيلُ	مَفَاتِيحُ

The Un-Nunated Nouns - اَلأَسْمَاءُ غَيْرُ الْمُنَوَّنَةِ

• In this lesson, we will learn about the words which do not have Tanwīn .i.e., the double vowel sign on the last letter, In-Shā’-Allâh.
• In Arabic language most of the nouns and adjectives have Tanwīn. However there are certain cases when the Tanwīn is omitted, these include:
• When the noun or adjective is annexed to the definite article اَلْ: We have already learnt in (Lesson 3_section 1) that when a noun is annexed to the definite article اَلْ then it does not take the double vowel. e.g.:
• The word كِتَابٌ will become اَلْكِتَابُ
• The phrase فِي مَسْجِدٍ if annexed to اَلْ will be فِي الْمَسْجِدِ
• When the noun is Muđâf: We have learnt in (Lesson 5_section 2) that Muđâf is definite by position, therefore it cannot take Tanwīn. e.g.:
• The word كِتَابٌ if annexed to بِلالٌ it will become كِتَابُ بِلالٍ 
• When a noun is preceded by the Vocative Article يَا: We learnt in (Lesson 5_section 7) that when a noun is preceded by the vocative article, the double vowel sign on the last letter is replaced with a single đammah. e.g.:
• The word أُسْتَاذٌ - when preceded by the vocative article يَا the double vowel sign on the last letter is replaced with single đammah, so it will become يَا أُسْتَاذُ
• Let’s review some examples to revise these rules:

Picture	Translation	Reason for un-nunation (removal of Tanwīn)	Arabic
	The big book	'Book' is annexed with the definite article	اَلْكِتَابُ الْكَبِيرُ
	The book of Arabic Language	Possessive Expression	كِتَابُ اللُّغَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّةِ
	The husband is in the field	Annexed to the definite article	فِي الْمَزْرَعَةِ زَوْجٌ.
	Oh Waheed where did you go?	Preceded by Vocative Article	يَا وَحِيدُ أَيْنَ ذَهَبْتَ؟
	He is the Dean of the University	Possessive Expression	هُوَ عَمِيدُ الْجَامِعَةِ.
	Oh girls, where is the food?	Preceded by Vocative Article	يَا بَنَاتُ، أَيْنَ الطََّعَامُ

The Diptotes - اَلْمَمْنُوعُ مِنَ الصَّرْفِ

• In this section we will learn about the Diptotes In-Shā’-Allâh (God-willing).
• In the Arabic language, there are certain nouns and adjectives which never have Tanwīn. These types of nouns and adjectives are called Diptotes in English and اَلْمَمْنُوعُ مِنَ الصَّرْفِ in the Arabic language.
• There are different groups but in this lesson we will learn only the following groups of such words:
• Feminine Nouns: All the feminine proper nouns (i.e. names), suffixed by the feminine sign or otherwise never have Tanwīn. e.g.:
• عَائِشَةُ
• زَهْرَاءُ
• سَلْمَى
• زَيْنَبُ
• Masculine Nouns: The masculine proper nouns (i.e. names) with Tā’ Marbūŧah as the ending letter do not take Tanwīn. e.g.:
• أُمَيَّةُ
• حَمْزَةُ
• زَكَرِيَّا
• Masculine Proper nouns on the pattern of أَفْعَلُ:  All the masculine proper nouns (names) which resemble the pattern of أَفْعَلُ never have Tanwīn. e.g.:
• أَنْوَرُ
• أَسْمَرُ
• أَكْبَرُ
• أَمْجَدُ
• Masculine Proper Nouns on any Pattern of verb as: يَفْعَلُ  - يَفْعِلُ etc.: All the masculine proper nouns which resemble these patterns of verb never have Tanwīn. e.g.:
• يَزِيدُ
• Let’s take some examples for better understanding of the rule:

Picture	Reason of Un-nunation	Translation	Arabic
	Feminine Proper Noun	Nadia went out of the house	خَرَجَتْ نَادِيَةُ مِنَ الْبَيْتِ.
		This is Asma, she is my sister	هَذِهِ أسْمَاءُ، هِيَ أُخْتِي.
		Maryam ate the food	أَكَلَتْ مَرْيَمُ الطَّعَامَ.
	Masculine Proper Noun on the pattern of أَفْعَلُ	The professor's name is Ajmal	اِسْمُ الأُسْتَاذِ أَجْمَلُ

The Diptotes - اَلْمَمْنُوعُ مِنَ الصَّرْفِ

• In this section we will continue learning about the Diptotes In-Shā’-Allâh.
• Some of the other types of the un-nunated nouns are:
• Adjectives on the Pattern of فَعْلانُ: The adjectives on the pattern of فَعْلانُ do not take the double vowel sign i.e., they are diptotes. e.g.:
• عَطْشَانُ (Thirsty)
• زَعْلانُ (Angry)
• مَلآنُ  (Full)
• The adjectives on the pattern of أَفْعَلُ: All the adjectives on the pattern of أَفْعَلُ are un-nunated and hence they never take Tanwīn. e.g.:
• أَحْمَرُ (Red)
• أَسْوَدُ (Black)
• أَبْيَضُ (White)
• Non Arabic Proper nouns: Most of the non Arabic proper nouns are unnunated and therefore they do not take Tanwīn. e.g.:
• The Biblical Names: Most of the Biblical names do not take Tanwīn e.g., names of most of the Prophets: i.e.:يَعْقُوبُ، إِسْحَاقُ، عِيْسَى، دَاوُدُ etc. because they are not derived from an Arabic origin.
• Other Foreign Arabicised Names: All the foreign names which have been Arabicised do not have Tanwīn on them e.g.: يَنَايِرُ، بَاكِسْتَانُ، مُوسْكُو، لَنْدَنُ، طِهْرَانُ etc.
• Exception to this Rule: However the non Arabic names comprising of three radicals only are Nunated such as: نُوحٌ، لُوطٌ
• Let’s review some examples for a better understanding of the rule:

Picture	Reason of Unnunation	Translation	Arabic
	Adjectives on the Pattern فَعْلانُ	I went out of the class room and I am angry	خَرَجْتُ مِنَ الْفَصْلِ وَأَنَا غَضْبَانُ.
	Adjectives on the Pattern أَفْعَلُ	This colour is green	هَذَا اللَّوْنُ أَخْضَرُ.
	Foreign Arabicised Nouns	Pakistan is a Muslim country	بَاكِسْتَانُ بَلَدٌ مُسْلِمٌ.
	Biblical Noun	Ishaq is an intelligent student	إِسْحَاقُ طَالِبٌ ذَكِيٌّ.
	Foreign Arabicised Words	January is the first month of the year	يَنَايِرُ أَوَّلُ شَهْرِ فِي السَّنَةِ.

The Diptotes (continued…) - اَلْمَمْنُوعُ مِنَ الصَّرْفِ

• In this section, we will learn about one more group of the Diptotes, i.e. another type of the un-nunated noun In-Shā’-Allâh.
• Some of the Patterns of Broken Plurals: There are some patterns of broken plurals which never take Tanwīn i.e., the double vowel sign e.g.:
• فُعَلاءُ i.e., زُمَلاءُ (Colleagues)
• أَفْعِلاءُ i.e., أَغْنِيَاءُ (Rich)
• مَفَاعِلُ i.e., مَسَاجِدُ (Mosques)
• مَفَاعِيلُ i.e., مَصَابِيحُ (Lamps)
• Let’s take some examples for better understanding of the rule:

Picture	Reason of Unnunation	Translation	Arabic
	Broken Plural on the Pattern فُعَلاءُ	Where are your colleagues?	أَيْنَ زُمَلاؤُكَ؟
		In the street there are poor people	فِي الشَّوَارِعِ فُقَرَاءُ.
		Many partners went together	شُرَكَاءُ كَثِيرُونَ ذَهَبُوا مَعًا.
	Broken Plural on the Pattern أَفْعِلاءُ	They are friends	هُمْ أَصْدِقَاءُ.
		These merchants are rich	هَؤُلاءُ التُّجَارُ أَغْنِيَاءُ.
	Broken Plural on the Pattern مَفَاعِلُ	There are a lot of schools in this village.	فِي هَذِهِ الْقَرْيَةِمَدَارِسُ كَثِيرَةٌ.
		These are beautiful mosques.	هَذِهِ مَسَاجِدُ جَمِيلَةٌ.
		These are wooden desks.	هَذِهِ مَكَاتِبُ خَشَبِيَّةٌ.
	Broken Plural on the Pattern مَفَاعِيلُ	Golden keys are for the house	مَفَاتِيحُ ذَهَبِيَّةٌ لِلْبَيْتِ.
		These handkerchiefs are dirty	هَذِهِ مَنَادِيلُ

Revision - مُرَاجَعَةٌ

• In this lesson we have learnt the following:
• We have learnt the plural form of the Personal and Possessive Pronouns referring to the masculine nouns
• The plural form of the simple masculine verbs connected to the pronoun

Vocabulary Revision – مُرَاجَعَةُ الْمُفْرَدَاتِ
Angry	زَعْلانُ	Thirsty	عَطْشَانُ
Mosques	مَسَاجِدُ	Agents	وُكَلاءُ
The farm	اَلْمَزْرَعَةُ	Keys	مَفَاتِيحُ
Food	طَعَامٌ	Director	عَمِيدٌ
The Lord of the Universe	رَبُّ الْعَالَمِينِ	Expert	اَلْمَاهِرُ
The magazine	اَلْمَجَلَّةُ	The Creator of the Universe	خَالِقُ الْكَوْنِ
Filled	مَلآنُ	Doctors	أَطِبَّاءُ
Black	أَسْوَدُ	White	أَبْيَضُ
Jacob	يَعْقُوبُ	Red	أَحْمَرُ
Jesus	عِيسَى	Isaac	إِسْحَاقُ
David	دَاوُدُ	Pakistan	بَاكِسْتَانُ
Moscow	مُوسْكُو	London	لَنْدَنُ
January	يَنَايِرُ	Tehran	طِهْرَانُ
Loot	لُوطٌ	Noah	نُوحٌ
Green	أَخْضَرُ	Golden	ذَهَبِيَّةٌ
		Wooden	خَشَبِيَّةٌ