Lesson 23 - اَلدَّرْسُ الثَّالِثُ وَالْعِشْرُونَ

Noun and its Types – اَلاسْمُ وَأَنْوَاعُهُ

• In this part of lesson we will learn the first type of the definite noun i.e., Proper Noun اَلْعَلَمُ and its cases In-Shā’-Allâh. 
• A proper noun is the name of a specific person, thing or place e.g., Hamid حَامِدٌ, Qur’an قُرْآنٌ, Madinah مَدِينَةٌ.  Proper nouns can include the names of countries,  people, states, tribes, rivers or oceans and the mountains. The proper nouns اَلْعَلَمُ take the cases similar to the ordinary nouns i.e., Double đammah when in nominative case, Double Fatħah when in accusative case and Double Kasrah when in genitive case.
• However the proper nouns which are Diptotes follow the rule of diptotes that we have read in previous lessons.
• Let’s take some examples for this rule:

English	Transliteration	Arabic
Ahmad is brave	Aħmadu Shuĵaξun	أَحْمدُ شُجاَعٌ.
Fatima is at the shore of the Red Ocean	Fāŧimatu ξala Shāŧi'i al Baħr-il-Aħmari	فَاطِمَةُ عَلَى شَاطِئِ الْبَحْرِ الأَحْمَرِ.
I rubbed the Black Stone	Masaħtu Al ħaĵara al Aswada	مَسَحْتُ الْحَجَرَ الأَسْوَدَ.
I drank the Zamzam Water	Sharibtu Mā'a Zamzama	شَرِبْتُ مَاءَ زَمْزَمَ.
This is Tariq Mountain	Hādhā Ĵabalu ŧâriqin	هَذَا جَبَلُ طَارِقٍ.

Pronouns and their Types – اَلضَّمَائِرُ وَأَنْوَاعُهَا

• In this section we will learn the Pronouns, In-Shā’-Allâh (God-willing).
• In the previous lessons we have learnt that in Arabic language there are two types of Pronouns namely Attached Pronouns اَلضَّمائِرُ الْمُتَّصِلَةُ and Detached Pronouns اَلضَّمَائِرُ الْمُنْفَصِلَةُ.
• Similar to the English Language, the Arabic Pronouns are divided by 1st. person ( I / We), 2nd. person (You) and 3rd. person (He / She / They).

Example:	Person	Arabic
I / We	1st.	الضَّمَائِرُ لِلْمُتَكَلِّمِ
You	2nd.	الضَّمَائِرُ لِلْمُخَاطَبِ
He / She / They	3rd.	الضَّمَائِرُ لِلْغَائِبِ

• We can see the detached pronouns that we normally use for the different persons below as well as the attached pronouns which we will cover in more detail below.

Attached Pronoun:	Meaning:	Singular / Plural / Dual	Gender of person:	Arabic:	Person:
ي	I	Singular	Masculine or Feminine	أَنَا	1st
نَا	We	Plural	Masculine or Feminine	نَحْنُ
كَ	You	Singular	Masculine	أَنْتَ	2nd
كُمَا	You	Dual	Masculine	أَنْتُمَا
كُمْ	You	Plural	Masculine	أَنْتُمْ
كِ	You	Singular	Feminine	أَنْتِ
كُمَا	You	Dual	Feminine	أَنْتُمَا
كُنَّ	You	Plural	Feminine	أَنْتُنَّ
هُ	He	Singular	Masculine	هُوَ	3rd
هَا	She	Singular	Feminine	هِيَ
هُما	They	Dual	Masculine and Feminine	هُمَا
هُمْ	They	Plural	Masculine	هُمْ
هُنَّ	They	Plural	Feminine	هُنَّ

o   The Attached Pronoun for 1st Person Singular is ي for both masculine and feminine e.g., حَقِيبَتِي (my bag (fem.)) and for Plural it is نَا for both the masculine and feminine دِينُنَا  (our religion)

• The Attached Pronouns for 2nd Person are as follows:
• 2nd Person Singular Male = كَ e.g., بَيْتُكَ meaning "Your house"
• 2nd Person Singular Female = كِ e.g., كِتَابُكِ meaning "Your book"
• 2nd Person Dual for both masculine and feminine = كُمَا e.g., مَكْتَبُكُمَا meaning "Desk of both of you"
• 2nd Person Plural masculine = كُمْ e.g., أُسْتَاذُكُمْ meaning "The teacher of all of you".
• 2nd Person Plural feminine = كُنَّ e.g., غُرْفَتُكُنَّ meaning "The room of all of you"
• The Attached Pronouns for 3rd Person are as follows:
• 3rd Person Singular Male = هُ e.g., مِسْطَرَتُهُ meaning "His ruler"
• 3rd Person Singular Female = هَا e.g., مَطْبَخُهَا meaning "Her kitchen"
• 3rd Person Dual for both masculine and feminine = هُمَا e.g., مَدْرَسَتُهُمَا meaning "School of both of them"
• 3rd Person Plural masculine = هُمْ e.g., مَلْعَبُهُمْ meaning "Their play ground".
• 3rd Person Plural feminine = هُنَّ e.g., وَاجِبُهُنَّ meaning "Their duty” 
• It must be remembered however that the noun followed by the attached pronoun is always a definite noun and therefore it does not take a double vowel.  
• Let’s review some examples to understand this rule:

Picture	Translation	Arabic
	He is the owner of the house. This is his house	هُوَ مَالِكُ الْمَنْزِلِ. هَذَا بَيْتُهُ.
	They have come to Egypt These are their hotels.	هُمْ حَضَرُوا إِلَى مِصْرَ. هَذِهِ فَنَادِقُهُمْ.
	You are a student and Muhammad is your teacher	أَنْتَ تِلْمِيذٌ ومُحَمَّدٌ أُسْتَاذُكَ.
	You and your colleagues have read the book	أنْتِ وَزَمِيلاتُكِ قَرَأْتُنَّ الْكِتَابَ.
	I am Khalid and China is my country	أَنَا خَالِدٌ وَالصِّينُ بَلَدِي.
	Muhammad and I are colleagues, our houses are near the Masjid	أَنَا وَمُحَمَّدٌ زَمِيلانِ بُيُوتُنَا عِنْدَ الْمَسْجِدِ

Revision - مُرَاجَعَةُ

• In this lesson we have learnt the following new words:

Vocabulary Revision – مُرَاجَعَةُ الْمُفْرَدَاتِ
English	Arabic	English	Arabic
The black stone	اَلْحَجَرُ الأَسْوَدُ	Makkah	مَكَّةُ
Proper Noun	اَلْعَلَمُ	Brave	شُجَاعٌ
The beach	شَاطِئُ الْبَحْرِ	The Red Sea	اَلْبَحْرُ الأَحْمَرُ
Rubbed	مَسَحَ	The Zamzam Water	مَاءُ زَمْزَمَ
Busy	مَشْغُولٌ	Book of Allah (God)	كِتَابُ اللهِ
Cave of Hira	غَارُ حِرَاءَ	Son of Mary	اِبْنُ مَرْيَمَ
Duty	وَاجِبٌ	The Holy House	بَيْتُ الْمَقْدِسِ