Lesson 17 - الدَّرْسُ السَّابِعَ عَشَرَ

Introduction – مُقَدِّمَةٌ

• In this lesson we will learn the following things, In-Shā’-Allâh (God willing):
• We will learn that there are two groups or types of noun in Arabic that are treated differently - Rational and Irrational nouns. We will learn how to distinguish the type of a given noun:

English	Transliteration	Arabic
A student	/ŧâlibun/	طَالِبٌ	الْمُفْرَدُ	عَاقِلٌ(Rational)
Students	/Ŧullābun/	طُلابٌ	الْجَمْعُ
A book	/Kitābun/	كِتَابٌ	الْمُفْرَدُ	غَيْرُ عَاقِلٍ(Irrational)
Books	/Kutubun/	كُتُبٌ	الْجَمْعُ

• We will learn a new pattern of the broken plural:

Plural	Pattern	Singular
مَسَاجِدُ (Mosques)	مَفَاعِلُ	مَسْجِدٌ (A mosque)

• In this section we will learn about a new form of nouns In-Shā’-Allâh (God willing).
• In Arabic, nouns are divided in two categories that do not exist in the English Language. In Arabic nouns are either Rational or Irrational.
• Rational Nouns are those which refer to human beings. They are also called intelligent i.e.,عَاقِلٌ. Besides human beings, angels, Jinn (in Islam), the devil and such are included in this class.  Some examples of rational nouns are (doctor, boy, man) - i.e.  رَجُلٌ، وَلَدٌ، طَبِيبٌ.
• Irrational Nouns are those which refer to non human beings. They are also called non-intelligent i.e., غَيْرُ عَاقِلٍ. Irrational nouns refer to non living objects, animals, concepts and non human beings like trees and plants etc.  Some examples of irrational nouns are: tree, notebook, book - i.e. كِتَابٌ، دَفْتَرٌ، شَجَرَةٌ.
• In the singular form there is no difference between these two groups, however, there is a very important difference in the plural form of these two groups. The plurals of Rational Nouns are treatedas Plural, whereas the plurals of irrational nouns are treated as feminine singular.  This concept takes some practice to understand and we will cover some examples below In-Shā’-Allâh (God willing):
• Below we can see how the pronouns that relate to the singular rational nouns are changed in plural form, e.g. /Hādhā/ هَذَا (this) becomes هَؤُلاءِ (those) in plural form.
• هَذَا وَلَدٌ (this is a boy) if changed to plural will become هَؤُلاءِ أَوْلادٌ (these are boys)
• هُوَ رَجُلٌ (he is a man) will become هُمْ رِجَالٌ (they are men) 
• ذَلِكَ مُدَرِّسٌ (that is a teacher) will become أُولَئِكَ مُدَرِّسُونَ (those are teachers)
• هِيَ طَالِبَةٌ (she is a student) will become هُنَّ طَالِبَاتٌ. (they are students)
• We can compare this to the plural of Irrational Nouns.  We can see below that despite the nouns being plural, the pronouns that relate to these nouns are singular feminine - this does not change the plural word itself, only how the plural is treated and includes adjectives - i.e. an adjective following an irrational noun will be feminine singular:
• هَذَا كَلْبٌ (this is a dog) if changed to plural will become هَذِهِ كِلابٌ (those are dogs).
• هُوَ حِمَارٌ صَغِيرٌ (he is a small donkey) will become هِيَ حَمِيرٌ صَغِيرَةٌ (they are small donkeys) 
• Let’s look at some examples to understand this rule further:

English	Arabic
This is a new student, he is from Belgium	هَذَا طَالِبٌ جَدِيدٌ، هُوَ مِنْ بَلْجِيكَا.	الْمُفْرَدُ
These are new students, they are from Belgium	هَؤُلاءِ طُلابٌ جُدُدٌ، هُمْ مِنْ بَلْجِيكَا.	الْجَمْعُ
This is a new book, it is from Belgium	هَذَا كِتَابٌ جَدِيدٌ، هُوَ مِنْ بَلْجِيكَا.	الْمُفْرَدُ
These are new books, they are from Belgium	هَذِهِ كُتُبٌ جَدِيدَةٌ، هِيَ مِنْ بَلْجِيكَا.	الْجَمْعُ

• For Arabic Nouns and Adjectives:
• There are more than twenty patterns of the broken plural for Arabic Nouns and Adjectives. We have learnt some of them in previous lessons and will learn one more pattern in this part of lesson In-Shā’-Allâh (God willing).

Plural	Pattern	Singular
مَسَاجِدُ (Mosques)	مَفَاعِلُ	مَسْجِدٌ (A mosque)

• Let’s take some examples to memorize this pattern:

Picture	English	Arabic
	This is Hamid's note book	هَذَا دَفْتَرُ حَامِدٍ.	الْمُفْرَدُ
	These are Hamid's note books	هَذِهِ دَفَاتِرُ حَامِدٍ.	الْجَمْعُ
	This is the teacher's desk	هَذَا مَكْتَبُ الْمُدَرِّسِ.	الْمُفْرَدُ
	These are the teacher's desks	هَذِهِ مَكَاتِبُ الْمُدَرِّسِ.	الْجَمْعُ
	This hotel is expensive	هَذَا فُنْدُقٌ غالٍ.	الْمُفْرَدُ
	These hotels are expensive	هَذِهِ فَنَادِقُ غَاليَِةٌ.	الْجَمْعُ

Revision – مُرَاجَعَةٌ

• In this lesson we have learnt the following:
• The Rational and Irrational Nouns
• A new pattern for the broken plurals

Vocabulary Revision – مُرَاجَعَةُ الْمُفْرَدَاتِ
Irrational	غَيْرُ عَاقِلٍ	Rational	عَاقِلٌ
Dog / Dogs	كَلْبٌ \ كِلابٌ	Donkey / Donkeys	حِمَارٌ \ حَمِيرٌ
Belgium	بَلْجِيكَا	Note-book / Note-books	دَفْتَرٌ \ دَفَاتِرُ
Desk / Desks	مَكْتَبٌ \ مَكَاتِبُ	Hotel / Hotels	فُنْدُقٌ \ فَنَادِقُ
Expensive (masculine)	غَالٍ	Expensive (feminine)	غَالِيَةٌ