Lesson 16 - الدَّرْسُ السَّادِسَ عَشَرَ

Introduction –مُقَدِّمَةٌ

• In this lesson we will learn the following things In-Shā’-Allâh (God-Willing):
• We will learn the plural form of the Personal and Possessive Pronouns (You / Your) referring to the feminine nouns.

Example	English	Transliteration	Arabic	Singular/ Plural (Arabic)	Feminine (Arabic)	Grammatical Term
أَنْتِ ذَهَبْتِ You went	You (Singular)	Anti	أَنْتِ	الْمُفْرَدُ	الْمُؤَنَّثُ	الضَّمِيرُالْمُنْفَصِلُ (Detached Pronoun - e.g. You are Tall)
أَنْتُنَّ ذَهَبْتُنَّ You (all) went	You (Plural)	Antunna	أَنْتُنَّ	الْجَمْعُ
أُمُّكِ Your mother	Your (Singular)	Ki	كِ	الْمُفْرَدُ		الضَّمِيرُ الْمُتَّصِلُ (Attached Possessive Pronoun - e.g. Your House)
أُمُّكُنَّ Your (all of your) mother	Your (Plural)	Kunna	كُنَّ	الْجَمْعُ

• The plural form of the simple feminine verbs connected to the pronoun:

English	Transliteration	Arabic
You went	Dhahabti	ذَهَبْتِ	الْمُفْرَدُ	الْمُؤَنَّثُ
You all went	Dhahabtunna	ذَهَبْتُنَّ	الْجَمْعُ

• We will also learn the use of two new words:

English	Arabic
Before	قَبْلَ
After	بَعْدَ

• We will also learn a new verb:

English	Arabic
He returned	رَجَعَ

• In this part of the lesson, we will learn the conversion of a singular verb to the plural verb In-Shā’-Allâh (God-Willing). We have already covered that in Arabic different letters are added at the end of the original verb and sometimes even the vowel ending is changed. In this part we will only learn to change a singular verb for "you" to the plural verb.
• For the past tense of a (feminine) verb i.e., الْفِعْلُ الْمَاضِي the following rules are applied

English	الْفِعْلُ الْمَاضِي
You (singular) went	أَنْتِ ذَهَبْتِ.	الْمُفْرَدُ
		Singular
You (all) went	أَنْتُنَّ ذَهَبْتُنَّ.	الْجَمْعُ
		Plural

• When a singular (feminine) verb is changed to a plural the vowel ending /kasrah/ is replaced with a /đammah/ on the letter تِ and a letter noon with a /shaddah/ and /fatħah/ on it is added as the last letter so ذَهَبْتِ will be changed to ذَهَبْتُنَّ.

English	Arabic Sentence	Gender of Verb
You (singular) went from the school	أَنْتِ ذَهَبْتِ مِنَ الْمَدْرَسَةِ.	الْمُفْرَدُ
You (all) went from the school	أَنْتُنَّ ذَهَبْتُنَّ مِنَ الْمَدْرَسَةِ.	الْجَمْعُ
You went out of the room	خَرَجْتِ مِنَ الْغُرْفَةِ.	الْمُفْرَدُ
You (all) went out of the room	خَرَجْتُنَّ مِنَ الْغُرْفَةِ.	الْجَمْعُ
Oh girl! You sat on a chair	يَا بِنْتُ، جَلَسْتِ عَلَى كُرْسِيٍّ.	الْمُفْرَدُ
Oh girls! You (all) sat on a chair	يَا بَنَاتُ، جَلَسْتُنَّ عَلَى كُرْسِيٍّ.	الْجَمْعُ

Adverbial Time Object - ظَرْفُ زَمَانٍ

• In this part of the lesson we will learn a new grammatical term, In-Shā’-Allâh (God-Willing). We will learn about the form of a noun which indicates the time when an action has occurred. This type of nouns is called the "Adverbial Time Object - ظَرْفُ زَمَانٍ" or "The object of time – الْمَفْعُولُ فِيهِ ". In this part of the lesson we will learn about the vowel ending of these words as well as the words following them, In-Shā’-Allâh (God-Willing). There are different nouns used as Adverbial Time Objects and we will learn two of them in this part of the lesson which are:

English	Arabic
Before	قَبْلَ
After	بَعْدَ

• These nouns are a type of Object; therefore they always take the accusative case with a /fatħah/. However they work as /Muđâf/ (possessed) therefore the nouns following them will take the genitive case e.g.:

English	Arabic
I entered the house after the prayer	دَخَلْتُ الْبَيْتَ بَعْدَ الصَّلاةِ.
I went to the school before Ahmad	ذَهَبْتُ إِلَى الْمَدْرَسَةِ قَبْلَ أَحْمَدَ.

• Let’s take some more examples to understand this rule:

Picture	English	Arabic
	Muhammad entered into the room after a prayer.	دَخَلَ مُحَمَّدٌ الْغُرْفَةَ بَعْدَ صَلاةٍ.
	Ayesha went to the university before the lesson.	ذَهَبَتْ عَائِشَةُ إِلَى الْجَامِعَةِ قَبْلَ الدَّرْسِ.
	They (fem.) wrote the story after one week.	هُنَّ كَتَبْنَ الْقِصَّةَ بَعْدَ أُسْبُوعٍ.
	I went to hospital a month ago.	ذَهَبْتُ إِلَى الْمُسْتَشْفَى قَبْلَ شَهْرٍ

• In this part of lesson we will learn a new verb   رَجَعَ which means returned, In-Shā’-Allâh (God-Willing). This verb, like all the other verbs we have learnt so far, takes the /fatħah/ and is joined to the pronouns in the same manner as the rest of the verbs. We will cover some present tense verbs below, please read the sentences and try to understand these and we will cover the principles relating to the /Muđâriξ/ (present tense) verb later In-Shā’-Allâh (God-Willing). 
• Let’s examine some examples for this verb:

Picture	English	Arabic
	Khalid returned from school	رَجَعَ خَالِدٌ مِنَ الْمَدْرَسَةِ.
	Aminah is returning from Iran	تَرْجِعُ آمِنَةُ مِنْ إِيرَانَ.
	He (masc.) is returning from the function	هُوَ يَرْجِعُ مِنَ الْحَفْلَةِ.
	I am returning from my village	أَنَا أَرْجِعُ مِنْ قَرْيَتِي.
	We are returning from Greece	نَحْنُ نَرْجِعُ مِنَ اليُونَانِ

Revision – مُرَاجَعَةٌ

• In this lesson we have learnt the following:
• We have learnt the plural form of the Personal and Possessive Pronouns ("You" / "Your") referring to the feminine nouns
• The plural form of the simple feminine verbs connected to the pronoun
• We have also learnt two "Adverbial Time Objects" - i.e. "before" and "after".

Vocabulary Revision – مُرَاجَعَةُ الْمُفْرَدَاتِ:
Your (all) (fem.)	كُنَّ	You (all) (fem.)	أَنْتُنَّ
Before	قَبْلَ	You (all) went (fem.)	ذَهَبْتُنَّ
After	بَعْدَ	Returned	رَجَعَ
The carpet	السَّجَّادَةُ	You failed (fem.)	رَسَبْتِ
Adverbial Time Object	ظَرْفُ زَمَانٍ	The week	الأُسْبُوعُ
A village	قَرْيَةٌ	Greece	الْيُونَانُ
The hour	السَّاعَةُ	A day	يَوْمٌ