Lesson 9 - الدَّرْسُ التَّاسِعُ

Adjective Clause - الْمُرَكَّبُ الْوَصْفِيُّ

Introduction –مُقَدِّمَةٌ

• In this lesson we will In-Shā’-Allâh learn the following things:
• The formation of a new expression called الْمُرَكَّبُ الْوَصْفِيُّ in Arabic (called "The Adjective Clause" in English). The Adjective Clause is an expression formed by two or more words to describe a pronoun.

Adjective Clause	الْمُرَكَّبُ الْوَصْفِيُّ
A small boy	وَلَدٌ صَغِيرٌ
The new bag	الْحَقِيبَةُ الْجَدِيدَةُ

• A new type of pronoun which shows reference or relation between the nouns. This pronoun is called a Conjunctive pronoun or Relative pronoun in English and الاِسْمُ الْمَوْصُولُ in Arabic. If the pronoun refers to a human being it is to be translated "who" and if it refers to non human beings or an object it is translated as “which (or that)”.

Relative pronoun	الاسْمُ الْمَوْصُولُ
Who (for human beings)	الَّذِي
Which / That (for non human beings / objects)

Continued

• In this lesson we will learn the formation of a new clause called الْمُرَكَّبُ الْوَصْفِيُّ in Arabic and "The Adjective Clause" in English, In-Shā’-Allâh (God-Willing).
• In Arabic the adjective (a word describing the noun – e.g. red book, large house etc) is either called "Naξt" نَعْتٌ or "Aŝ-ŝiffah" الصِّفَةُ, and the noun it qualifies is called "Manξūt مَنْعُوتٌ or "Al-mawŝūf"الْمَوْصُوفُ and the clause thus formed is called either النَّعْتُ والْمَنْعُوتُ  or الْمُرَكَّبُ الوَصْفِيُّ. We will also learn the rules for the formation of the Adjective Clause.
• Following are the rules pertained for the formation of the adjective clause:
• In the English language, when we want to describe a noun we say for example, "Good boy" or "Lazy student" etc. - i.e., the adjective (description) comes before the noun. However in Arabic the word being used for the description (adjective) comes after the noun, e.g.  وَلَدٌ جَيِّدٌ or طَالِبٌ كَسْلانُ if translated linguistically means "Boy good" or "student lazy" but literally it means "Good boy" or "Lazy student".

Translation	Transliteration	الْمُرَكَّبُ الْوَصْفِيُّ
A dirty handkerchief	Mindīlun Wasikhun	مِنْدِيلٌ وَسِخٌ
An intelligent student	ŧâlibatun Dhakiyyatun	طَالِبَةٌ ذَكِيَّةٌ

• The adjectives that express feelings normally end with (-an) and bear no Tanwīn on their ending letters e.g.:

English	Arabic
Thirsty	عَطْشَانُ
Hungry	جَوْعَانُ
Full	مَلآنُ
Angry	غَضْبَانُ
Happy	فَرْحَانُ

• The adjective always follows the noun which it is describing in gender.  The adjective of a masculine noun is masculine and that of a feminine noun is feminine .e.g.: we sayوَلَدٌ صَغِيرٌmeaning “A young boy” and بِنْتٌ صَغِيرَةٌ meaning “A young girl”. 

Translation	Transliteration	Arabic
A famous engineer	Muhandisun Shahīrun	مُهَنْدِسٌ شَهِيرٌ
A tasty apple	Tuffāħatun Ladhīdhatun	تُفَّاحَةٌ لَذِيذَةٌ

• Both the adjective and the noun are either definite or indefinite. Therefore if the noun is definite, then the adjective which is describing the noun will also be definite e.g.  الْمَكْتَبُ الْقَدِيمُ  meaning "The old table" and when the noun is indefinite the adjective will also be indefinite e.g. كِتَابٌ جَدِيدٌ meaning "A new book". 

Translation	Transliteration	Arabic
The big city	Almadīnatu Alkabīratu	الْمَدِينَةُ الْكَبِيرَةُ
A poor man	Raĵulun Faqīrun	رَجُلٌ فَقِيرٌ

• The adjective also has the same case as the noun i.e., if the noun is in the nominative case, the adjective will also be in the nominative case e.g., الدَّرْسُ الصَّعْبُ meaning "The difficult lesson", if the noun is in the accusative case then the adjective will also be in the accusative case and if the noun is in the genitive case then the adjective will also be in the genitive case e.g. ذَهَبَ أَحْمَدُ إِلَىٰ صَدِيقٍ مَرِيضٍ Ahmad went to an ill friend.

Translation	Case	Arabic
This is a new teacher	Nominative	هَـٰذَا مُدَرِّسٌ جَدِيدٌ.
The pen is in the small bag	Genitive	الْقَلَمُ فِي الْحَقِيبَةِ الصَّغِيرَةِ.
The old book is at home	Nominative	الْكِتَابُ القَدِيمُ فِي الْبَيْتِ.
The water is in a broken glass	Genitive	الْمَاءُ فِي كَأْسٍ مَكْسُورٍ.

Picture	English	Arabic
	America is a big country	أَمْرِيكَا بَلَدٌ كَبِيرٌ.
	This is the new fan	هَـٰذِهِ الْمِرْوَحَةُ الْجَدِيدَةُ.
	Ahmad entered into a vast building	دَخَلَ أَحْمَدُ فِي مَنْزِلٍ كَبِيرٍ.
	A sparrow is a beautiful bird	العُصْفُورُ طَيْرٌ جَمِيلٌ.
	This is a crowded road	هَذَا طَرِيقٌ مُزْدَحِمٌ.
	The clean room	الْغُرْفَةُ النَّظِيفَةُ

who - الَّذِي

• A relative pronoun is a pronoun which refers or relates to some noun preceding it e.g., if we say:

English	Arabic
This is Muhammad who has passed	هَـٰذَا مُحَمَّدٌ الَّذِي نَجَحَ
This is the door which is in front of the mosque	هَـٰذَا الْبَابُ الَّذِي أَمَامَ الْمَسْجِدِ
This is the cat that has sat	هَـٰذَا الْقِطٌّ الَّذِي جَلَسَ

• In the above sentences, the nouns Muhammad, door and cat are called antecedents and the words who, which and that refer to them respectively. In Arabic however all these three words (who, which and that) are represented by a single word الَّذِي

Translation	Transliteration	الاسْمُ الْمَوْصُولُ
Allah who has created humans	Allâh al-ladhī khalaqa al insān	اللهُ الَّذِي خَلَقَ الإِنْسَانَ.
The student who is in a school	Aŧ-ŧâlibu al-ladhī fi madrasatin	الطَّالِبُ الَّذِي فِي مَدْرَسَةٍ.

Picture	English	Arabic
	The beautiful pen which is on a desk belongs to the teacher	الْقَلَمُ الْجَمِيلُ الَّذِي عَلَىٰ مَكْتَبٍ لِلْمُدَرِّسِ.
	The bed that is in Khalid's room is broken	السَّرِيْرُ الَّذِي فِي غُرْفَةِ خَالِدٍ مَكْسُورٌ.
	The student who is sitting is from Indonesia	الطَّالِبُ الَّذِي هُوَ جَالِسٌ مِنْ إِنْدُونِيسِيَا.
	The house which is in front of the mosque belongs to the Muadhin (person who gives the “Adhaan” - call for prayer).	الْبَيْتُ الَّذِي أمَامَ الْمَسْجِدِ لِلْمُؤَذِّنِ.
	The road that is near the school is crowded	الطَّرِيقُ الَّذِي عِنْدَ الْمَدْرَسَةِ مُزْدَحِمٌ.

Revision – مُرَاجَعَةٌ

• In this lesson we have learnt the following things:
• The Adjective Clause الْمُرَكَّبُ الْوَصْفِيُّ
• Use of Relative Pronoun الاسْمُ الْمَوْصُولُ which shows a relation or a reference between the nouns.

Vocabulary Revision – مُرَاجَعَةُ الْمُفْرَدَاتِ
The described noun	الْمَوْصُوفُ	The adjective	الصِّفَةُ
Described noun	مَنْعُوتٌ	Adjective	نَعْتٌ
Thirsty	عَطْشَانُ	Lazy	كَسْلاَنُ
Full	مَلآنُ	Hungry	جَوْعَانُ
Happy	فَرْحَانُ	Angry	غَضْبَانُ
The fan	الْمِرْوَحَةُ	Famous	شَهِيرٌ
Bird	طَيْرٌ	Sparrow	عُصْفُورٌ
Crowded	مُزْدَحِمٌ	Road	طَرِيقٌ
Passed	نَجَحَ	That, who, which	الَّذِي
Created	خَلَقَ	Sat	جَلَسَ
Thing	شَيْءٌ	The humans	الإِنْسَانُ
Tall	طَوِيلٌ	Useful	مُفِيدٌ

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