The Maqŝūr, Manqūŝ and Mamdūd Nouns - الاسْمُ الْمَقْصُورُ والْمَنْقُوصُ والْمَمْدُودُ
Introduction – مُقَدِّمَةٌ
The maqŝūr noun - الاسْمُ الْمَقْصُورُ
he manqūŝ noun - الاسم المنقوص
The mamdūd noun - الاسْمُ الْمَمْدُودُ
The Dual and the Plural of the Maqŝūr, Manqūŝ and mamdūd nouns
Revision – مُرَاجَعَةٌ
- In this lesson, we will study the nouns that end with vowels In-Shā’-Allâh (God-Willing). The vowels are described as “weak letters” that cannot have diacritic signs (e.g. đammah, fatħah, kasrah, sukūn). The importance of this is that these words do not change in the physical sense in different cases – e.g. the word is said to have an “assumed” Kasrah – even though in reality it has no Kasrah visible.
- The weak letters in the Arabic language are (ا) "alif", (و) "wāw", and (ي) "yā’'". We will find that some Arabic nouns end with an alif maqŝūrah, and are therefore called (اسْمٌ مَقْصُورٌ) "maqŝūr noun” or “ism maqŝūr" [a noun ending with a long alif /-ā/]. Look at the examples below, pay particular attention to coloured words in the 2nd and 3rd examples which would normally end with a Kasrah on the last letter but have no vowel mark:
ћađara Muŝŧafā ilā al-mustashfā
Mustafa came to the hospital.
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satazūru ’ukhtī Hudā Parīs
My sister Huda will visit Paris.
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yaĵlisu abī ξalā al-maqhā
My father sits at a café.
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- Some Arabic nouns end with the letter (ي) (yā’) /-ī/ and are called (اسْمٌ مَنْقُوصٌ) "manqūŝ noun” or “ism manqūŝ" [a noun ending with the long vowel '-ī']. The same rule as discussed above regarding diacritical marks applies here. Notice for example that normally the word in the first sentence below would have a đammah as it is in the nominative case (as it is the subject of a verbal sentence) please view the examples below:
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ћađara al-qâđī mubakkira-n
The judge came early.
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al-thawbu al-ghâlī ĵamīlu-n
The expensive garment is beautiful.
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ismu akhī Shādī
My brother is called Shadi
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- There is a third type of noun, which does not end with a vowel but with a (ء) "hamzah" [glottal stop], which is a semi-weak letter. This type of nouns is called (اسْمٌ مَمْدُودٌ) "mamdūd noun, or ism mamdūd" [a noun ending with a hamzah (ء) preceded by a long alif]
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al-ĵawwu nađhīfu-n fi aŝ-ŝaћrâ’
Air is clean in the desert.
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Ismu ukhtī ћasnā’
My sister's name is Hasnā
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Hādhihī ћaqībatu-n zarqâ’u
This is a blue bag
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- We will also learn how we can write the dual and plural of these numerals In-Shā’-Allâh (God Willing). For example:
Plural in the nominative case
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Plural in the accusative and genitive cases
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Dual in the nominative case
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Dual in the accusative and genitive cases
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Type نَوْعُهَا
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Wordالْكَلِمَةُ
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Musŧafawna
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Musŧafayna
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Musŧafayāni
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Musŧafayayni
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Maqŝūr
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Musŧafā
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Qâdūna
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Qâđīna
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Qâđiyāni
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Qâđiyayni
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Manqūŝ
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Qâđī
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Bannā’ūni
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Bannā’īni
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Bannā’āni
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Bannā’ayni
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Mamdūd
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Bannā’
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- In Arabic we call a noun that fulfils the following criteria a Maqŝūr noun [a noun ending with a long fatћah '-ā']:
- The noun ends with the alif Maqŝūrah (e.g. مُرْتَضَى)
- The letter before the alif Maqŝūrah has a fatħah on it.
- The noun is a declinable noun (اسْمٌ مُعْرَبٌ). Thus, the word (عَلَى) "ξalā' is not a maqŝūr noun, because it is a preposition, not a noun. The same also applies to the word (يَسْعَى) "yasξā" because it is a verb and the demonstrative noun (هَذَا) "hādhā" because it is an indeclinable noun.
- We have learnt that when a word is affected by declension as a result of a certain rule in grammar, the last letter is normally affected by taking a certain diacritical mark (e.g. fatħah, đammah, kasrah). For example, “ξalā al maktabi” – upon the table, “al maktabi” takes a Kasrah on the last letter because it is preceded by a preposition (“ξala” meaning “on”).
- However, in this lesson we learn that in certain cases there is an “assumed” declension – i.e we assume that the word is in a certain case but we do not see the physical Kasrah as the example above shows. This may appear to be a difficult concept to grasp but it is quite simple – i.e. we do not put the normal diacritical mark on the letter but we assume that it is there.
- The diacritical signs of declension are assumed and do not appear on the long Alif of the maqŝūr noun. For example:
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It is nominative case with an assumed đammah (not visible)
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Murtada attended the meeting.
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ћađara Murtađâ al-iĵtimāξa
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It is accusative case with an assumed fatћah
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I saw Murtada in the school.
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Ra’aytu Murtađâ fi al-Madrasah
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It is genitive case with an assumed kasrah
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I went with Murtada to the club.
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A dhahabtu maξa Murtađâ ilā al-nādī
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- The word Murtađâ is a masculine noun in the nominative case in the first sentence. The sign of the nominative case is an assumed đammah, because it is the verb doer – i.e. the subject of the verbal sentence.
- In the second sentence, the same word is in the accusative case because it is the object of the verbal sentence – i.e. the thing / person upon which the action is done. In the third sentence the word is in the genitive case. In all of them, the sign of declension is (مُقَدَّرَةٌ) "muqaddarah" assumed or virtual. This means that the three signs are not spoken and this is called (إِعْرَابٌ تَقْدِيرِيٌّ) "iξrâb taqdīrī", i.e. assumed or virtual declension – that is, it does not appear on the word-final.
- This applies to all maqŝūr nouns. For example:
Picture
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Sentence
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nāmat salmā mubakkiratan
Salma slept early.
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hādhihi ukhtī laylā
This is my sister Layla.
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al-baytu huwa ma’wā al-usrah
Home is the shelter of the family.
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ismu akhī musā
My brother's name is Musa.
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- The declinable noun (اسْم مُعْرَبٌ) ending with the letter (ي) "yā’" /-ī/ preceded by a short kasrah is called (اسْمٌ مَنْقُوصٌ) "manqūŝ noun". That is, it is a noun ending with a long yā’ /-ī/ preceded by a short kasrah, such as sāξī (سَاعِي), qâđī (قَاضِي), ghâlī (غَالِي), etc. These are the same conditions that we described above in section 2 relating to the Maqŝūr noun.
- The diacritical signs of declension only appear when the manqūŝ noun is in the accusative case. For example:
Sentence
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Transliteration
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Translation
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ra’ytu qâđī-a al-madīnah
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I saw the judge of the city
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- If the manqūŝ noun is in the nominative or genitive cases, the diacritical signs (đammah in the nominative and kasrah in the genitive cases) do not appear. For example:
Sentence
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Transliteration
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Translation
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Declension الإِعْرَابُ
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ĵā’a qâđī al-madīnah
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The judge of the city came.
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Nominative
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hādhā baytu al-qâđī
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This is the judge's house.
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Genitive
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- The letter (ي) "yā’" /-ī/ is always omitted in the manqūŝ noun except in the following three cases:
1- When it is preceded by definite article (ال) "al-":
ĵā’a al-qâđī
The judge came.
2- When it is (مُضَافٌ) "muđâf" (annexed) (the first part of a construct phrase:
ĵā’a qâđī al-madīnah
The judge of the city came.
3- When it comes in the accusative case with the diacritical sign of short fatћah:
Ra’aytu qâđiya-n
I saw a judge.
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- In cases other than the three mentioned above, the (ي) "yā’" of the manqūŝ noun is omitted, and it is written with tanwīn (an un-voweled nūn at the end of a noun). For example:
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Nominative
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Accusative
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Genitive
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Definite, prefixed with (ال)
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hādhā al-qâđī
This is the judge.
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zara abī al-nādī
My father visited the club.
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hādhā baytu al-qâđī
This is the judge's home.
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Annexed (muđâf)
Not prefixed with (ال)
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hādhā qâđī al-madīnah
This is the city's judge.
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ana uћibbu nādiya al-shams
I love al-Shams Club.
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marartu bi-nādī aŝ-ŝaydi
I passed by the Shooting Club.
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Indefinite, without (ال), and not annexed
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hādhā qâđi-n
This is a judge.
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ra’a akhī nadiya-n kabīra-n
My brother saw a big club.
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marartu binādi-n kabīri-n
I passed by a big club.
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- In column 1 (examples on the nominative), the đammah does not appear on the word (الْقَاضِي) "al qâđī" (the judge) in the first sentence, but we write the letter (ي) "yā’" because the manqūŝ noun is prefixed with the definite (ال) "al-".
- In the second sentence of this column: (هَذَا قَاضِي الْمَدِينَةِ) the đammah does not appear on the word (قَاضِي) "qâđī" (judge), because it is an annexing noun.
- In the third sentence of the first column: (هَذَا قَاضٍ) "hādhā qâđi-n" (This is a judge), the yā’ is omitted because the word "qâđī" is indefinite (not prefixed with (ال)), and not annexing to another noun.
- What has been said about the nominative case in which the diacritical sign đammah is assumed or virtual is also applied to the genitive case, so the diacritical sign of kasrah is assumed. The omission of the final-word (ي) "yā’" /-ī/ depends on whether the word is definite, indefinite, or annexed.
- The accusative case is the only different case where the diacritical sign fatћah appears on the manqūŝ noun. The final-word (ي) "yā’" /-ī/ in the manqūŝ noun is always written. This is because the (ي) is omitted when the manqūŝ noun is indefinite, not annexed, or not in the accusative case ending with the short fatħah. But when it ends with the short fatħah, the letter (ي) is written, even if the word is not annexed or indefinite. Consider examples no. (2):
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accusative and definite
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zara abī al-nādiy-a
My father visited the club.
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In the accusative and indefinite
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ra’ā akhī nādiya-n kabīra-n
My brother saw a big club.
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In the accusative and annexed
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anā uћibbu nādiya al-shams
I love al-Shams Club.
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In the accusative, indefinite and not annexed
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ra’ā abī nādiya-n kabīra-n
My father saw a big club.
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- The mamdūd noun (اسْمٌ مَمْدُودٌ) is a singular noun ending with a hamzah (ء) preceded by a long alif. Being a singular means that the words (نِسَاءٌ) "nisā’", (أَهْوَاءٌ) "ahwā’" and (آبَاءٌ) "ābā’", for instance, are not mamdūd nouns, because they are plural. Before we discuss the the rules for mamdūd nouns, let us look at some examples of these nouns:
Transliteration
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Translation
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saћrā’
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Desert
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bayđā’
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White
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hasnā’
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Pretty
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khađrā’
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Green
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- Here we should note that the letter hamzah (ء) is not a (حَرْفُ عِلَّةٍ) "ћarfu ξillah" (defective/weak letter), but it is a semi-weak letter, because it comes after a long alif, which is similar to the defective letters:
- As for the declension of the masculine mamdūd noun, the three diacritical signs appear on it. Here we should highlight two important points: the mamdūd noun may be a masculine, such as (بَنّاءٌ) "bannā’" (builder) and (قَرَّاءٌ) "qarrā’" (reciter) and here the noun must be declinable like the ordinary singular noun, i.e. the short đammah, fatћah and kasrah will appear in the nominative, accusative and genitive cases, respectively. For example:
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Sentence
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Meaning
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Declension
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Diacritical sign
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hādhā qarrā’u-n lil-qur’ān
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This is a reciter of the Qur'an
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Nominative
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đammah
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uhibbu qurrā’a al-qur’ān
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I love the Qur'an reciters.
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Accusative
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fatћah
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ξamiltu maξa banana’i-n ĵayid
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I worked with a new builder
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Genitive
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kasrah
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- But if the mamdūd noun is feminine, such as (صَحْرَاءُ) "saћrā’", (خَضْرَاءُ) "khađrā’" and (بَيْضَاءُ) "bayđā’"; here the long alif is called (أَلِفُ التَّأْنِيثِ الْمَمْدُودَةُ) or the feminine long alif. The noun in this case will be a diptote (مَمْنُوعٌ مِنَ الصَّرْفِ) "mamūξu-n mina aŝ-ŝarf" or prohibited from variation, and therefore the diacritical signs will be the đammah for the nominative case and the fatћah for both the accusative and genitive cases. But (like all diptotes) it can be in the genitive case with the diacritical sign kasrah in case it is (مُضَافٌ) (annexing) or prefixed with definite (ال). Let us review some examples below:
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Sentence
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Meaning
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Declension
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Diacritical sign
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ћađarat ћasnā’u al-iĵtimāξa
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Hasnā attended the meeting.
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Nominative
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Đammah
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ra’aytu al-ŝaћrā’a al-gharbiyyata
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I visited the Western Desert.
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Accusative
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Fatћah
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dhahabtu ilā al-ћaĵĵi bi’athwābi-n bayđâ’a
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I went to perform Haĵĵ with white clothes.
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Genitive
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Fatћah
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ξindi kathīru-n mina al-athwābi al-bayđâ’i
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I have many white clothes.
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Genitive
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Kasrah
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taĵawwaltu fi ŝaћrā’i al-saξūdiyyati
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I roamed in the Saudi desert.
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Genitive
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Kasrah
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- In the previous parts we studied everything about the maqŝūr, manqūŝ and mamdūd nouns whenthey are singular. Now we will study how to transform these nouns into the dual and plural In-Shā’-Allâh.
1- Maqŝūr Noun
- The dual:
- To transform a maqŝūr noun into the dual case, we look at the root of the word. It has two probabilities:
- If the noun is trilateral (consists of three letters) the final Alif has to be turned back to its root (wāw) or (ya’) from which it was converted. This is depending on the lexical origin of the final Alif of the word (the long alif in any Arabic word is not a lexical letter, so it must be converted from wāw or yā’. The advanced practice of the derivatives helps to find the origin from which the Alif was converted, otherwise we need to look it up in the dictionary. After transforming the final Alif to its root the noun should be suffixed with (انِ) "-ani" in the nominative case, and (ينِ) "-yni" in the accusative and genitive cases. Consider the following examples:
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Noun
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Nominative dual
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Accusative and genitive dual
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Hudā
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Hudayān-i
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Hudayayn-i
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Ξaŝā
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Ξāŝawāni
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Ξaŝawayni
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Noun
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Nominative dual
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Accusative and genitive dual
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Musŧafā
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Musŧafayān-i
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Musŧafayayn-i
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Mustashfā
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Mustashfayān-i
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Mustashfayayn-i
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- The Masculine Plural:
- If we transform the maqŝūr singular noun into masculine plural, the long alif must be omitted and replaced with the masculine plural ending, and a short vowel (a) remains before the plural suffix to indicate the omitted long alif. See the following example:
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Maqŝūr noun
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Nominative plural
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Accusative or genitive plural
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Muŝtafā (masculine)
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Muŝtafū-na
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Muŝŧafayna
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- The feminine plural:
- If we transform the maqŝūr singular noun into feminine plural, we look at the root of the word. It has two probabilities:
- If the noun is trilateral (consists of three letters), such as (هُدَى) "hudā" and (عَصَا) "ξaŝā", the long alif must be turned to its original root from which it converted (i.e. wāw or yā’(ي) or (و) depending on the lexical origin of the final Alif of the word, then we add the feminine plural suffix. Consider the following examples:
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Maqŝūr noun
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Nominative plural
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Accusative or genitive plural
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Hudā (feminine)
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Hudayātu-n
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Hudayāti-n
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ξaŝā (feminine)
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ξaŝawātu-n
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ξaŝawāti-n
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- If the Maqŝūr noun is more than three letters, the long alif must be transformed to yā’, then we add the feminine plural sign. Consider the following example:
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Maqŝūr noun
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Nominative plural
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Accusative or genitive plural
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Naĵwā (feminine)
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Naĵwayātun
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Naĵwayātin
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2- Manqūŝ noun
- The manqūŝ noun ends with a (ي), (i.e. a long yā’) preceded by a short kasrah, such as (قَاضِي), (دَانِي), (قَاصِي). In the dual the noun does not change, but dual sign is suffixed to it. In the plural form the final long vowel (yā’) has to be omitted, and replaced with the plural suffix. If the plural is masculine, the suffix has to be preceded by a đammah in the nominative case, and a kasrah in the accusative or genitive cases, for the convenience. For example:
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Noun
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Nominative dual
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Accusative and genitive dual
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Nominative plural
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Accusative and genitive plural
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qâđī
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qâđiyān-i
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qâđiyayn-i
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qâđūn-a
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qâđīn-a
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qâŝī
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qâŝiyān-i
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qâŝiyayn-i
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qâŝūn-a
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qâŝīn-a
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dānī
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dāniyān-i
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dāniyayn-i
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danūn-a
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danīn-a
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3- Mamdūd noun
- The mamdūd noun (اسْمٌ مَمْدُودٌ) is a singular noun ending with a hamzah (ء) preceded by a long alif, such as (بَنَّاءٌ) "bannā’", (قَرَّاءٌ) "qarrā’", (صَحْرَاءُ) "ŝaћrā’" and (سَمَاءٌ) "samā’". There are three rules for dual and plural forms, as follows:
o If the hamzah is part of the origin of the word, such as (قَرَّاءٌ) "qarrā’", which is taken from the verb (قَرَأَ) "qara’a" the hamzah will not change, as follows:
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Noun
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Nominative dual
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Accusative and genitive dual
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Nominative plural
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Accusative and genitive plural
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qarrā’
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qarrā’ān-i
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qarrā’ayn-i
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qarrā’ūn-a
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qarrā’īn-a
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- If the hamzah's origin is (و), such as (سَمَاءٌ) "samā’" because it is derived from the verb (سَمَا، يَسْمُو) the hamzah changes into (و) (i.e. it turns to its root), as follows:
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Noun
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Nominative dual
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Accusative and genitive dual
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Nominative plural
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Accusative and genitive plural
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samā’
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samāwan
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samāwyn-i
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samāwātu-n
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Samāwāti-n (intact feminine plural)
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- If the hamzah is a feminine sign (i.e. it is not a part of the root of the noun, rather it is an augmented letter as a feminine ending), such as (صَحْرَاءُ) and (حَسْنَاءُ), the previous two rules can be applied (facultatively) in this case. We can say (صَحْرَاءَانِ) or (صَحْرَاوَانِ), and so the rest of mamdūd nouns where the hamzah is a feminine sign. For example:
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Noun
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Nominative dual
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Accusative and genitive dual
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Nominative plural
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Accusative and genitive plural
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ŝaћrā’
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ŝaћrā’āni
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ŝaћrā’yni
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ŝaћrā’ātu-n
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ŝaћrā’āti-n
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ŝaћrāwāni
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ŝaћrāwayni
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ŝaћrāwātu-n
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Ŝaћrāwāti-n
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ћasnā’
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ћasnā’āni
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ћasnā’ayni
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ћasnā’ātu-n
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ћasnā’āti-n
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ћasnāwāni
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ћasnāwayni
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ћasnāwātu-n
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ћasnāwāti-n
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Vocabulary Revision – مُرَاجَعَةُ الْمُفْرَدَاتِ
English
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Arabic
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English
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Arabic
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Religious edict
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The club
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World
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Expensive
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Walk
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Judge
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Shelter
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Distant
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Hope
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Beautiful
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High
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Café
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Calm
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The forenoon
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My life
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My country
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desert
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Black
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Blue
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White
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Green
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Red
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The kings
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Hospital
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The valley
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Valley of the kings
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