- The numbers (أحَدَ عَشَر) "aћada ξashar" (eleven) and (اِثْنا عشر) "ithnā ξashar" (twelve) in a special section, and the special rules relating to these numbers.
- After that we will cover the numbers from (ثلاثة عشر) "thalāthata ξashar" (thirteen) to (تِسْعَةَ عَشَر) "tisξata ξashar" (nineteen).
- We will answer some questions relating to the numbers, such as:
- What are the situations in which a number will be masculine or feminine?
- Are numbers declinable or indeclinable?
- The ending of the numbered noun الاسْم المَعْدود (the name comes after a number)
- Below we will cover some examples. Read the examples carefully and then study the rules that follow in future sections:
Number
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With masculine
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With feminine
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"Ĵā'a aћada ξashar ustādhan"
Eleven professors came
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"Ĵā'at iћdā ξashrata ustādhatan"
Eleven lady professors came
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"Dhahaba ithnā ξashar muhandisan"
Twelve engineers went out
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"Dhahabat ithnatā ξashrat muhandisatan"
Twelve lady engineers went out
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"ra'aytu ithnai ξashara muhandisan"
I saw twelve engineers
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"ra’aytu ithnatai ξashrata muhandisatan"
I saw twelve lady engineers
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"fil-faŝli thalāthata ξshara ŧâliban"
Thirteen students are in the class
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" ħađarat thalātha ξashrata mudarrisatan"
Thirteen lady teachers attended
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" qara’tu arbaξata ξashara kitāban"
I read fourteen books
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"qara’tu arbaξa ξashrata qiŝŝatan"
I read fourteen stories
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"raĵaξtu baξda khamsata ξashara yawman"
I came back after fifteen days
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"nimtu khamsa ξashrata sāξatan"
I slept for fifteen hours
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"dhabaћtu sitta ξashara dīkan"
I slaughtered sixteen roosters
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"dhabaћtu sitta ξashrata daĵaĵatan"
I slaughtered sixteen hens
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"daξawtu sabξata ξashara duξā‘an"
I invoked seventeen supplications
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"ŝallaitu sabξa ξashrata rakξatan"
I prayed seventeen Rak'ahs
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"muħammadun ξindahu thamāniyataξashara ŝadīqan"
Muhammad has eighteen friends
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"Fatimatu ξindahā thamāni ξashrata ŝadīqatan"
Fatimah has eighteen friends
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"hādhā aŧ-ŧiflu ξumruhū tisξata ξasharayawman"
This child is nineteen days old
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"hādhā al-waladu ξumruhū tisξa ξashrata sanatan"
This boy is nineteen years old
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- We will also learn the numbers from 20 to 99, which include two parts: (1) decade numbers (i.e. 20, 30,…90) and (2) the other numbers:-
"ra'aytu ξishriin baladan"
I saw twenty countries
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"ĵā'a thalathūn raĵulan"
Thirty men came
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- The composite number may include two numbers connected with the (و) (and):-
"ra'aytu ithnai[n] wa ξishrīn baladan"
I saw twenty-two countries
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"ĵā'a wāћidun wa thalāthūn raĵulan"
Thirty-one men came
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- In this part we will learn the two numbers أحَدَ عَشَرَ "aћada ξashara" (eleven) and اثنا عَشَرَ "ithnā ξashara" (twelve), as they are similar to each other with the exception of declension.
- Before we consider the gender of the number, we need to understand the gender of the noun that is being referred to. If the noun is feminine then the number will also be feminine, likewise with the masculine noun / masculine number. To change the number أحَدَ "aћada" to feminine إحْدى "iћdā" we can add the long vowel Alif (alif maqŝūrah) ألف مقصورة to the word ending, and change the initial Hamzah to be signed with kasrah (إ), and to change the sign of the medial (Hā’) from the fatħah to the sukūn to become إحْدى "iћdā". The number اثنا "ithnā" can be made feminine by adding the letter ت "t" to be اثنتا "ithnatā".
- The number should be identical with the numbered noun (that comes after the number) in gender (masculine and feminine). For example:
Ĵā'a aћada ξashara ustādhan
Eleven professors came
- The number here is masculine because the numbered noun after it is masculine.
- But we say:
Ĵā'at iћda ξashrata ustādhatan
Eleven lady professors came.
- The number here is feminine because the numbered noun is feminine.
- The same applies to the number اثنا عَشَرَ "ithnā ξashara" (twelve). For example:
Dhahaba ithnā ξashara muhandisan
Twelve engineers went out.
- The number here is masculine because the numbered noun after it is masculine.
- But we say:
Dhahabat ithnata ξashrata muhandisatan
Twelve female engineers went out.
- The number here is feminine because the numbered noun is feminine.
- We will now cover the number (أحَدَ عَشَرَ) "aћada ξashara" (eleven) in more detail In-Shā’-Allâh(God-willing).
- The word-ending of the two words أحَدَ "aћada" and إحْدى "iћda" are مَبْنيّة "mabniyah", i.e. static or indeclinable in all cases of grammar – this means that they do not change their endings in nominative, accusative or genitive case. Let us look at some examples below to illustrate this point:
Case:
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Transliteration:
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English:
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Arabic:
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The nominative case
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ξUmri aћada ξasharaξāman
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I am eleven years old.
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The accusative case
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Ra'aytu iћda ξashrata bintan
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I saw eleven girls.
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The genitive case
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Askunu maξa aћada ξashara ŧâliban
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I live with eleven students.
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- We will now cover the number اِثْنا عشر "ithna ξashar" (twelve) in more detail In-Shā’-Allâh (God-willing).
- The two words اثْنا "ithna" (masc.) and اثْنتا "ithnata" (fem.) are dual nouns. In the nominative case, we say اثْنا "ithna" and اثْنتا "ithnata" while in the accusative and genitive cases we say اثني "ithnai" and اثنتي "ithnatai":
Case:
|
Transliteration:
|
English:
|
Arabic:
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The nominative case (masculine)
|
Ĵā’a ithna ξashara ŧâliban
|
Twelve students came.
| |
The nominative case (feminine)
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Ĵā’at ithnata ξashrata ŧâlibatan
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Twelve female students came.
| |
The accusative case (masculine)
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Ra'aytu ithnai ξashara ŧâliban
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I saw twelve students.
| |
The accusative case (feminine)
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Ra'aytu ithnatai ξashrata ŧâlibatan
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I saw twelve female students.
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- The genitive case for the number twelve will take the same form as the example in the table above for accusative case.
Numbers from 13 to 19- الأَعْدَادُ مِنْ ثَلاثَةَ عَشَرَ إلَى تِسْعَةَ عَشَرَ- In this section we will study the numbers from 13 to 19. These numbers have the same rules, therefore we will study them in one section In-Shā’-Allâh (God-willing).
- The composite numbers from 13 to 19 – e.g. (ثَلاثَةَ عَشَرَ) "thalathata ξashara" (thirteen) - are composed of two parts. The gender of each part depends on the gender of the noun that is being referred to. The first part is always opposite to the gender of the noun, and the second part is the same gender as the numbered noun.
- The first part may be feminine (ثلاثة) "thalathata" (three) or may be masculine (ثلاث) "thalatha". The second part may also be feminine (عَشْرَةَ) "ξashrata" (ten) or may be masculine (عَشَرَ) "ξashara" (ten). As above, the rule we apply here is related to the noun (that comes after the number). Here are some examples:
Transliteration:English:Arabic:Fil-faŝl thalathata ashara ŧâlibanThere are thirteen students in the class.ћađarat thalathu ξashrata mudarrisatanThirteen lady teachers attended.Dhabaћtu sittata ξashara diikanI slaughtered sixteen roosters.Hādha al-waladu ξumruhu tisξa ξashrata sanatanThis boy (young man) is nineteen years old.- In these examples, the first part of the number is opposite in gender to the numbered noun, while the second part is similar to it.
- Now we will explain the word-ending of the number and the numbered noun.
- The two parts of the composite number for numbers from 13 to 19 – e.g. (ثلاثةَ عشرَ) "thalathata ξashara" (thirteen) - have a fixed vowel, namely (فتحة) short vowel Fatћa, at the end of both parts.
- The numbered noun in this case always ends with a (فتحة) short vowel Fatћa. Take the following examples:
Fi qaryati sabξa ξashrata ξā’ilatanThere are seventeen families in our village.Fi faŝli tisξata ξashara ŝadiiqanI have nineteen friends in the class.- [Note that the "n" at the end of ξā’ilatan and ŝadiiqan is the (تنوين) Tanwīn (nunation; the root to pronounce the letter N), but both words end with the short vowel Fatћa]
Numbers (20, 30, 40 … etc.) - ألفاظ العقود- There are numbers in the Arabic language that are called (ألفاظ العقود) "alfaađh al-ξuquud" (20, 30, 40 … etc.):
Numbers in letters (accusative or genitive case)Numbers in letters (nominative case)Numbers in digitsξishriinaξishruun20thalathiinthalathuun30arbaξiinarbaξuun40khamsiinkhamsuun50sittiinsittuun60sabξiinsabξuun70thmāniinثمانون thmānuun80tisξiintisξuun90- Alfaađh al-ξuquud are declinable, to which the rules of (جمع المذكر السالم) "ĵamξu mudhakkar sālim" (regular masculine plural) are applied. They always end with (ـون) "-uun" or (ـين) "-iin" according to their position in the sentence. Here are some examples:
English:Transliteration:Arabic:Twenty Muslims cameĴā’a ξishruun muslimanThe Muslims cameĴā’a al-muslimuunThe Muslim cameĴā’a al-muslimuI saw twenty MuslimsRa'aytu ξishriin muslimanI saw the MuslimsRa'aytu al-muslimiinI saw the MuslimRa'aytu al-muslimaI live with twenty MuslimsAskunu maξa ξishriin muslimanI live with the MuslimsAskunu maξa al-muslimiinI live with the MuslimAskunu maξa al-muslimi- Sometimes a composite number consists of two numbers connected with (wa “and”), such as:
These are twenty-one teachersHā’ulā’i wāћidun wa ξishruun ustādhanThese are twenty-one lady teachersHā’ulā’i iћda wa ξishruun ustādhatanI read twenty-five booksQara’tu khamsatan wa ξishruun kitābanMy friend read twenty-seven storiesDarasa ŝadiiqi sabξan wa ξishriin qissatanThe price of my clothes is fifty-five pounds.Thawbi bikhamsatin wa khamsiin ĵunaihanI wrote the lesson in twenty-two papers.Katabtu ad-darsa fi ithnataini wa ξishriin waraqatanI have twenty-two garments.ξIndi ithnān wa ξishriina ĵilbāban- We notice here that the first number before (وَ) "wa" (and) is similar to the numbers 1 and 2, as we studied in the previous part. This means that numbers (واحد) "wāћid" (one) and (اثنان) "ithnān" (two) should be masculine or feminine according to the numbered noun. For example, the numbers in the following sentences are masculine because the numbered noun in each is masculine:
Hā’ulā’i wāћidun wa ξishruuna ustadhanThese are twenty-one teachers.ξindi ithnāni wa ξishruun ĵilbābanI have twenty-two garments.- The numbers in the following sentences are feminine because the numbered noun in each is feminine:
Hā’ulā’i iћda wa ξishruuna ustadhatanThese are twenty-one lady teachers.Katabtu ad-darsa fi ithnatayni wa ξishriin waraqatanI wrote the lesson in twenty-two papers.Darasa ŝadiiqi sabξan wa ξishriin qiŝŝatanMy friend studied twenty-seven stories.- Alternatively, the first part should be feminine if the numbered noun is masculine. For example:
Thawbi bikhamsatin wa khamsiin ĵunayhan(I bought) my garment (for) fifty-five pounds.- Note: the numbered noun after the decade numbers is always singular and in the accusative case (mansūb منصوب) (ending, originally, with the short fatћah, a). For example:
Male professor/teacherUstādhanFemale professor/teacherUstādhatanBookKitābanStoryQiŝŝatanPoundĴunayhanPaperWaraqatanLong garment (for men and women)ĴilbābanHundreds and thousands – المئات والألوف· The last lesson in the composite number is the numbers of hundreds and thousands, as follows:500khamsumi‘ah400arbaξumi’ah300thalāthmi’ah200mi’atān100mi’ah1000alf900tisξumi’ah800thamānimi’ah700sabξumi’ah600sittumi’ah5000khamsatu alāf4000arbaξatu alāf3000thalāthatu alāf2000alfān9000tisξatu alāf8000thamānitu alāf7000sabξatu alāf6000sittatu alāf- These numbers are declinable on the short vowels of declension based on their case – e.g.:
- Short fatħah a in accusative case
- short kasrah i in genitive case
- short đammah u in nominative case
Sign of declensionSentence and numbersEnding in short đammah (u)Ĵā’a mi’atu raĵulinOne hundred men came.Ending in short fatћah (a)Ra’aytu mi’ata raĵulinI saw one hundred men.Ending in short kasrah (i)Dhahabtu maξa mi’ati raĵulinI went out with one hundred men.- The short vowels (đammah, fatћah and kasrah) appear on the first part of the composite numbers from 300 (thalāthumi’ah) to 900 (tisξumi’ah), such as (ثَلاثُ) "thalāth" (three), (أَرْبَعُ) "arbaξ" (four), (خَمْس) "khams" (five), (تِسْع) "tisξ" (nine), etc, and the second part (مئة) "mi’ah" (hundred) always ends with the short vowel kasrah "i", for example:
Sign of declensionSentence and numbersEnding in short kasrah (i)Istamarra al-Islam fi al-andalus akthara min thamāni-mi’ati ξāminIslam continued in Andalusia more than eight hundred years.Ending in short fatћah (a)Qara’tu al-yawma arbaξa-mi’ati baytin min ash-shiξrI read four hundred lines of verse today.Ending in short đammah (u)Haĵara thalāthu-mi’ati raĵulun ila amriicaThree hundred men emigrated to America.- Numbers 1000 "alf", 2000 "alfān", 3000 "thalāthatu alāf", etc., have the same rules of tens numbers 100, 200, 300, etc. For example:
Sign of declensionSentence and numbersEnding in short đammah (u)Ĵā’a alfu raĵulinOne thousand men came.Ending in short fatћah (a)Ra’aytu alfa raĵulinI saw one thousand men.Ending in short kasrah (i)Dhahabtu maξa alfi raĵulinI went out with one thousand men.Ending in short đammah (u)Haĵara thalāthatu alāfi raĵulun ila amriicaThree thousand men emigrated to America.Ending in short fatћah (a)Qara’tu al-yawma thalāthata alāfi baytin min ash-shiξrI read three thousand lines of verse today.Ending in short kasrah (i)Rātibi aktharu min thalāthati alāfi ĵunayhinMy salary is over three thousand pounds.· Note: the numbered noun after numbers of hundreds and thousands is always singular and maĵrūr (مجرور) (ending with the short kasrah “i”).Revision - مُرَاجَعَةٌVocabulary Revision – مُرَاجَعَةُ الْمُفْرَدَاتِUnits of Ten – numbersSlaughteredMy salaryRoosterEmigratedInvokedRentEngineerLine of verseClubDiedFamilyAttendedStayedLiveFloorMeetingPrayWarRak‘ahCowPaperFieldGarmentDictionaryFastedContinued
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