- In this lesson In-Shā'a-Allâh we will study:
- The Sound Verb الْفِعْلُ الصَّحِيحُ (al-fiξl aŝ-ŝaћīћ).
- The Defective Verb الْفِعْلُ الْمُعْتَلُّ (al-fiξl al-muξtall).
- The meaning of the defective verb.
- We will also learn the DEFECTIVE LETTERS أَحْرُفُ الْعِلَّةِ in the Arabic language, namely ا, و and ي. Any verb including one of these letters is a defective verb.
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Hadā
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zāra
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yaqī
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Yamshī
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qâla
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waξada
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Verb
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Guide
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visit
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protect
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Walk
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say
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promise
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Meaning
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- We will also learn the types of these verbs. Types are classified according to the place of the defective letter in the verb. For example:
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Type
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Place of defective letter
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Verb
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Picture
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Mithāl (modal) verb
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In the initial position of the verb
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Promise
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Aĵwaf (hollow) verb
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In the medial position of the verb
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Say
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Nāqiŝ (deficient) verb
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In the final position of the verb
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Invite
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- We will also learn how to make these verbs negative using negative particles, which we studied in previous lessons. In addition, we shall study the changes introduced to these verbs if they are preceded by a negative particle.
Picture
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A sentence with the present and past forms of the verb "run"
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Muhammad does not run much
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We will not run tomorrow
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You did not run yesterday
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Sound and Defective Verbs
- In Part (1) of Lesson 13 (Maqŝuur, Manquuŝ and Mamduud Nouns), we learnt that there are three weak letters in Arabic, called DEFECTIVE LETTERS أَحْرُفُ الْعِلَّةِ, i.e. (ا، و، ي). Accordingly, the verb in Arabic is divided into two categories: sound and defective.
- A sound verb is that which does not contain a defective letter among its radical letters. For example:
Picture
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Verb
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Meaning
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istakhraĵa
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Extract
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Inkasara
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Break
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taξallama
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Learn
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darasa
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Study
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kataba
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Write
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- A defective verb is that which includes one of the three defective letters (ا، و، ي) whether in the initial, medial or final position of the verb. For example:
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Place of the defective letter
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Defective letter
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Meaning
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Verb
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Picture
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Initial position
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to promise
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Medial position
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to say
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Final position
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to invite / pray
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Initial position
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Dried
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Medial position
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to sell
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Final position
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to run
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Medial position
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Said
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Final position
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Ran
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Types of Defective Verbs - أَنْوَاعُ الْفِعْلِ الْمُعْتَلِّ
- The type of a defective verb is determined according to the place of the defective letter in it (beginning, middle and last), such as وَعَدَ, قَالَ and سَعَى. This lesson elaborates the types of defective verbs.
- A defective verb with one defective letter:
Picture
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Examples
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Place of the defective letter
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Verb
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A past-form verb beginning with a defective letter. It is always in the past form, because the present form verb may begin with the letter yaa’, such as /Yaktubu/, i.e. to write. The yaa’ letter here is not a defective letter, but it just indicates the present form of the verb.
Note: a past-form verb never begins with the long vowel (a)
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Modal (mithāl)
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Picture
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Present
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past
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A past- or present-form verb including a defective letter in the middle
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Hollow (aĵwaf)
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Picture
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Present
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Past
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A past- or present-form verb ending with a defective letter
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Deficient (naqiŝ)
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2- A defective verb with two defective letters:
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Examples
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Place of the defective letters
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Verb
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A verb including two defective letters separated by another sound letter
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Mixed Separated
(lafīf mafruuq)
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A verb including two joined defective letters
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Mixed joined
(lafīf maqruun)
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Making Defective Verbs Negative
- In Lesson 17 (Making the Verb Negative) we learnt some negative particles that precede verbs, such as (لا، لَنْ، لَمْ، ما) and knew that some of these particles change the short vowel-ending of the verb from a đammah to fatћah such as لن. For example:
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Muhammad will not study in Egypt
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Muhammad will study in Egypt
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- Some of these negative articles change the ending short vowel of the present verb from a đammah to sukūn, such as لمْ. For example:
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Muhammad did not study yesterday
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Muhammad studied yesterday
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- Some of them do not change the ending short vowel of the present verb, such as /laa/ and /maa/. For example:
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ξAmmah does not lide mango
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ξAmmar likes mango
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He does not eat grapes
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He eats grapes
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- Now we will study the effect of these articles on the defective verbs, especially the first three types: modal (mithāl), hollow (aĵwaf) and nāqiŝ (deficient) verbs. Consider the following examples:
1- modal verb / mithāl - الْفِعْلُ الْمِثَالُ
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- We notice here that the negative form of the modal verb (mithāl), which begins with a defective letter, is like the negation of the sound verb.
2- hollow verb / aĵwaf - الفعل الأَجْوَف
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- We notice here that the hollow verb (aĵwaf) does not change with the articles لا and ما. With the negative article لن its ending short vowel changes into fatћa. But after article لم the verb form changes from أزُورُ to أزُرْ – what occurred here is that we omitted the defective letter و because it is sākin (quiescent / without vowel) and followed by another sākin (quiescent) letter رْ because it is preceded by the negative article لمْ. The original Arabic language rule says: if two sākin (quiescent / without vowel) letters follow each other, the defective letter of which is omitted. This occurs with all modal (nāqiŝ) verbs. For example:
3- deficient verb / nāqiŝ - الفعل الناقص
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Islam promotes peace
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Islam does not promote terrorism
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- We notice the changes that occur to the deficient (nāqiŝ) verb (which ends with a defective letter), as follows:
a. Negative articles لا and ما do not affect it, but the đammah never appear on the deficient (nāqiŝ) verb. For example:
b. When using the negative article لن, we notice a fatћa appears on the defective letter if it is a و orي, but not ا / ى because this is not possible. For example:
c. In case the verb is negated with the negative article /lam/, the defective letter at the end of the verb is always omitted and a short vowel sign appears on the letter before it to indicate that a defective letter is omitted. We put fatћa if the omitted defective letter is alif or alif maqsura; Kasrah if the omitted defective letter is yaa’; and đammah if the omitted defective letter is waaw. For example:
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Ending with ي
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Ending with و
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Negative article
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Without negation
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After لمْ
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Revision - مُرَاجَعَةٌ
Meaning
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Word
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Meaning
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Word
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Defective
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Sound
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To stand
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Defective letters
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To stay
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To promise
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To approach
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To guide
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Teachings
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To invite / pray/ promote
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Tolerant
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To dry
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Yearn for
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To sell
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Peace
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To run
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Terrorism
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To contain
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To lose
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To become easy
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