Lesson 15 - الدَّرْسُ الْخَامِسَ عَشَرَ

Introduction –مُقَدِّمَةٌ

• In this lesson we will learn the following principles, In-Shā’-Allâh (God-Willing):
• We will learn the plural form of the Personal and Possessive Pronouns (i.e. You / Your) referring to the masculine nouns.

Example	English	Transliteration	Arabic	Singular/ Plural (Arabic)	Masculine (Arabic)	Grammatical Term
أَنْتَ وَلَدٌ You are a boy	You (Singular)	/Anta/	أَنْتَ	اَلْمُفْرَدُ	اَلْمُذَكَّرُ	اَلضَّمِيرُ الْمُنْفَصِلُ (Detached Pronoun - e.g. You are Tall)
أَنْتُمْ أَوْلادٌ You are boys	You (Plural)	/Antum/	أَنْتُمْ	اَلْجَمْعُ
كِتَابُكَ Your book	Your (Singular)	/Ka/	كَ	اَلْمُفْردُ		اَلضَّمِيرُ الْمُتَّصِلُ (Possessive Attached Pronoun - e.g. Your House)
كِتَابُكُمْ Your (pl) book	Your (Plural)	/Kum/	كُمْ	اَلْجَمْعُ

• The plural form of the simple masculine verbs connected to the pronoun:

English	Transliteration	Arabic	Singular/ Plural (Arabic)	Masculine (Arabic)
You went	/Dhahabta/	ذَهَبْتَ	اَلْمُفْرَدُ	اَلْمُذَكَّرُ
You all went	/Dhahabtum/	ذَهَبْتُمْ	اَلْجَمْعُ

• We will also learn the use of a new word:

Examples	Categories
أَيُّ	Which (Used as Muđâf)

·         In this section we will learn the plural form of two more pronouns In-Shā’-Allâh (God willing). We have already learnt the plural form of two of the detached and two possessive pronouns in (Lesson 14 section 04):

Example	English	Transliteration	Arabic	Singular/ Plural (Arabic)	Masculine (Arabic)	Grammatical Term
أَنْتَ وَلَدٌ You are a boy	You (Singular)	/Anta/	أَنْتَ	اَلْمُفْرَدُ	اَلْمُذَكَّرُ	اَلضَّمِيرُ الْمُنْفَصِلُ (Detached Pronoun - e.g. You are Tall)
أَنْتُمْ أَوْلادٌ You are boys	You (Plural)	/Antum/	أَنْتُمْ	اَلْجَمْعُ
كِتَابُكَ Your book	Your (Singular)	/Ka/	كَ	اَلْمُفْردُ		اَلضَّمِيرُ الْمُتَّصِلُ (Possessive Attached Pronoun - e.g. Your House)
كِتَابُكُمْ Your (pl) book	Your (Plural)	/Kum/	كُمْ	اَلْجَمْعُ

• If we use أَنْتَfor a singular noun then we use أَنْتُمْfor the plural nouns.
• The same rule is applied for the possessive pronoun i.e., if we say قَلَمُكَ (Your pen) for the singular noun, we will then say قَلَمُكُمْ (Your pen) for the plural nouns - i.e. the pen belonging to a group of people in the case of plural.
• It must however be remembered that the personal pronouns are indeclinable i.e., they do not change their vowel ending with the change of case.   So أَنْتُمْ will have the same sukūn on its last letter whether it is appearing in the nominative case or accusative case or the genitive case.
• Let’s take some more examples for better understanding of the rule: 

English	Transliteration	Arabic	Pronoun
Who are you? (masculine- singular) I am a student	/Man Anta/? /Anā ŧâlibun/	مَنْ أَنْتَ؟ أَنَا طَالِبٌ	أَنْتَ
Where are you from? (masculine - plural) We are from China	/Min Aina Antum/? /Naħnu Minaŝ ŝīn/	مِنْ أَيْنَ أَنْتُمْ؟ نَحْنُ مِنَ الصِّينِ	أَنْتُمْ
Where is your book? My book is in the bag	/Aina kitābuka/? /Kitābi fil ħaqība/	أَيْنَ كِتَابُكَ؟ كِتَابِي فِي الْحَقِيبَةِ	كَ
What is your language? Our language is Chinese	/Ma lughatukum/ /Lughatunā Aŝ ŝīniyyah/	مَا لُغَتُكُمْ؟ لُغَتُنَا الصِّينِيَّةُ	كُمْ

• In this part of the lesson we will learn the conversion of a singular past form of the verb to the plural verb In-Shā’-Allâh (God willing). In English the Past form of the verb does not change in plural form.  For example, "I walked to the park" becomes "We walked to the park".  However, In Arabic different letters are added at the end of the original verb and sometimes even the vowel ending is also changed to change a verb into the plural form. In this part we will only learn to change a singular verb for "you" to the plural verb.
• For the past tense of a verb i.e., اَلْفِعْلُ الْمَاضِي the following rules are applied

English	اَلْفِعْلُ الْمَاضِي
You (singular) went	أَنْتَ ذَهَبْتَ	اَلْمُفْرَدُ
		Singular
You (plural) went	أَنْتُمْ ذَهَبْتُمْ	اَلْجَمْعُ
		Plural

• When a singular (masculine) verb is changed to a plural the vowel ending /fatħah/ is replaced with a /đammah/ on the letter تَ and a letter /meem/ with a /sukūn/  on it is added as the last letter soذَهَبْتَ will be changed to ذَهَبْتُمْ.

English	Arabic Sentence	Gender of Verb
You (singular) went to the house	أَنْتَ ذَهَبْتَ إِلَى الْبَيْتِ.	اَلْمُفْرَدُ
You (plural) went to the house	أَنْتُمْ ذَهَبْتُمْ إِلَى الْبَيْتِ.	اَلْجَمْعُ
You went out of the class	خَرَجْتَ مِنَ الْفَصْلِ.	اَلْمُفْرَدُ
You (plural) went out of the class	خَرَجْتُمْ مِنَ الْفَصْلِ.	اَلْجَمْعُ
Oh boy! You sat on a chair	يَا وَلَدُ! جَلَسْتَ عَلَى كُرْسِيٍّ.	اَلْمُفْرَدُ
Oh boys! You (plural) sat on a chair	يَا أَوْلاَدُ! جَلَسْتُمْ عَلَى كُرْسِيٍّ.	اَلْجَمْعُ

Revision – مُرَاجَعَةٌ

• In this lesson we have learnt the following things:
• We have learnt the plural form of the Personal and Possessive Pronouns (You / Your) referring to the masculine nouns
• The plural form of the simple masculine verbs connected to the pronoun

Vocabulary Revision – مُرَاجَعَةُ الْمُفْرَدَاتِ

Your (all)	كُمْ	You (all)	أَنْتُمْ
Which	أَيُّ	You (all) went	ذَهَبْتُمْ
Chinese	الصِّيِنِيَّةُ	France	فَرَنْسَا
French	فَرَنْسِيَّةٌ	Singular	اَلْمُفْرَدُ
Plural	اَلْجَمْعُ	Day	يَوْمٌ
Saturday	اَلسَّبْتُ	Month	اَلشَّهْرُ
Faculty	كُلِّيَّةٌ	Commerce	اَلتِّجَارَةُ
Engineering	اَلْهَنْدَسَةُ	Medicine	اَلطِّبُّ
Primary school	اَلْمَدْرَسَةُ الابْتِدَائِيَةُ	Middle school	اَلْمَدْرَسَةُ الْمُتَوَسِّطَةُ
Jordan	اَلأُرْدُن	Road	اَلشَّارِعُ
Airport	اَلْمَطَارُ	The Islamic Law	اَلشَّرِيعَةُ