Lesson 12 - الدَّرْسُ الثَّانِيَ عَشَرَ

Introduction – مُقَدِّمَةٌ

• In this lesson we will learn the following things In-Shā’-Allâh:
• In the first part of the lesson, we will learn how to have a dialogue in Arabic.
• We will also learn how to convert a masculine verb into a feminine verb (see below):

English	Arabic	Gender (Grammatical Term)
He went	ذَهَبَ	الْفِعْلُ الْمُذَّكَرُ
		Masculine Verb
She went	ذَهَبَتْ	الْفِعْلُ الْمُؤَنَّثُ
		Feminine Verb
You (masculine) went	ذَهَبْتَ	الْفِعْلُ الْمُذَكَّرُ
		Masculine Verb
You (feminine) went	ذَهَبْتِ	الْفِعْلُ الْمُؤَنَّثُ
		Feminine Verb

• We will also learn the feminine form of the Relative Pronoun. We have already learnt the masculine form of the Relative Pronoun الَّذِي in Lesson 09 section 004. We know that a Relative Pronoun is a pronoun used to show the reference or relation between the nouns. The Relative Pronoun is called الاسْمُ الْمَوْصُولُ in Arabic. If the Relative Pronoun refers to a human being it is to be translated "who" and if it refers to non human beings it is translated "which / that".

Relative noun	الاسْمُ الْمَوْصُولُ
Who (for human beings)	الَّتِي
Which/That (for non human beings)

• In this part of the lesson we will learn how to have a discussion in Arabic In-Shā’-Allâh (God-Willing). 

English	Transliteration	Arabic
Sua'ad: Peace be upon you and Allah's (God's) mercy and His blessings	Suξād: Assalām-u-ξalaiki wa raħmatullâhi wa barakātuhu	سُعَادُ: الْسَّلاَمُ عَلَيكِ وَرَحْمَةُ اللهِِ وَبَرَكَاتُهُ.
The girl: Peace be upon you and Allah's mercy and His blessings	Al Bintu: Wa ξalaiki assalāmu wa raħmatullâhi wa barakātuhu	الْبِنْتُ: وَعَلَيْكِ السَّلاَمُ وَرَحْمَةُ اللهِ وَبَرَكَاتُهُ.
How are you, Oh girl?	Kaifa ħāluki ya bintu?	سُعَادُ: كَيْفَ حَالُكِ يَا بِنْتُ؟
I am fine and all thanks to Allah (God)	Ana bikhairin wal ħamdulillāhi	الْبِنْتُ: أَنَا بِخَيْرٍ وَالْحَمْدُ للهِ.
Where are you from?	Min aina anti?	سُعَادُ: وَمِنْ أَيْنَ أَنْتِ؟
I am from Riyadh	Ana minar Riyāđi	الْبِنْتُ: أَنَا مِنَ الرِّيَاضِ.
What is your name?	Mas muki?	سُعَادُ: مَا اسْمُكِ؟
My name is Aminah	Ismi āminatu	الْبِنْتُ: اِسْمِي آمِنَةُ.
Where is your father?	Aina abūki?	سُعَادُ: أَيْنَ أَبُوكِ؟
My father is here in Madinah Munawara	Abi hunā fil madīnatil munawwarati	الْبِنْت: أَبِي هُنَا فِي الْمَدِيْنَةِ الْمُنَوَّرَةِ.
What does he do?	Mādhā yafξalu?	سُعَادُ: مَاذَا يَفْعَلُ؟
He is a supervisor in the high school	Huwa muwaĵĵihun fil madrasatith thānawiyyati	الْبِنْتُ: هُوَ مُوَجِّهٌ فِي الْمَدْرَسَةِ الثَّانَوِيَّةِ.
And where is your mother?	Wa aina ummuki?	سُعَادُ: وَأَيْنَ أُمُّكِ؟
She is also here. She is a doctor	Hiya aiđan hunā. Hiya ŧabībatun	الْبِنْتُ: هِيَ أَيْضًا هُنَا هِيَ طَبِيبَةٌ.
And who is this young girl with you? Is she your sister?	Wa man hādhihil fatātullati maξaki? A hiya ukhtuki?	سُعَادُ: وَمَنْ هَـٰذِهِ الْفَتَاةُ الَّتِي مَعَكِ؟ أَهِيَ أُخْتُكِ؟
No. She is the daughter of my paternal uncle	Lā. Hiya bintu ξammi	البِنْتُ: لا، هِيَ بِنْتُ عَمِّيِ.
What is her name?	Mas muhā?	سُعَادُ: مَا اسْمُهَا؟
Her name is Fatima	Ismuhā Fāŧimatu	البِنْتُ: اسْمُهَا فَاطِمَةُ.
Is she your colleague?	A hiya zamīlatuki?	سُعَادُ: أَهِيَ زَمِيلَتُكِ؟
No. I am in the middle school and she is in the high school	La, Anā fil madrasatil mutawassiŧati wa hiya fil madrasatith thānawiyyati.	الْبِنْتُ: لا، أَنَا فِي الْمَدْرَسَةِ الْمُتَوَسِّطَةِ وَهِيَ فِي الْمَدْرَسَةِ الثَّانَوِيَّةِ.
Do you have a sister?	A laki ukhtun?	سُعَادُ: أَلَكِ أُخْتٌ؟
No, I do not have a sister	La. Ma lī ukhtun	لا، مَا لِي أُخْتٌ.
Do you have a brother?	A laki akhun?	أَلَكِ أَخٌ؟
Yes. I have an elder brother and he is a student at the university	Naξam, lī akhun kabīrun wahuwa ŧâlibun bilĵāmiξati	نَعَمْ، لِي أَخٌ كَبِيرٌ وَهُوَ طَالِبٌ بِالْجَامِعَةِ.
And who is this child with you?	Wa man hādhaŧ ŧiflu alladhī maξaki?	وَمَنْ هَذَا الطِّفْلُ الَّذِي مَعَكِ؟
He is my brother's son (nephew)	Huwabnu akhī	هُوَ ابْنُ أَخِي.
What is his name?	Mas muhu?	مَا اسْمُهُ؟
His name is Sa'ad	Ismuhu Saξd	اسْمُهُ سَعْدٌ.
Is your mother at home now?	A Ummuki fil baiti al’āna?	أَأُمُّكِ فِي الْبَيْتِ الآنَ؟
No. She went to the hospital	La. Dhahabat ilal mustashfā	لا، ذَهَبَتْ إِلَى الْمُسْتَشْفَى

• In this part of the lesson we will learn the conversion of a masculine verb to the feminine verb In-Shā’-Allâh.
• For the past tense of a verb i.e. الْفِعْلُ الْمَاضِي the following rules are applied

English	الْفِعْلُ الْمَاضِي
He went	هُوَ ذَهَبَ	الْفِعْلُ الْمُذَّكَرُ
		Masculine Verb
She went	هِيَ ذَهَبَتْ	الْفِعْلُ الْمُؤَنَّثُ
		Feminine Verb
You (masculine) went	أَنْتَ ذَهَبْتَ	الْفِعْلُ الْمُذَّكَرُ
		Masculine Verb
You (feminine) went	أَنْتِ ذَهَبْتِ	الْفِعْلُ الْمُؤَنَّثُ
		Feminine Verb

• When a masculine noun is changed to a feminine for the pronoun (e.g. from 'he' to 'she' in the example above), a letter 'ta’' with a sukūn is added at the end of the verb that follows i.e., ذَهَبَwill be changed to ذَهَبَتْ.
• However, when the noun is a subject following a verb, and that noun is definite with the article (al) (e.g. the girl) then instead of a 'ta’ with a sukūn a 'ta' with the genitive case (kasrah) is added to the verb i.e., the verb will be ذَهَبَتِ الْبِنْتُ instead of ذَهَبَتْ الْبِنْتُ.
• Let’s take some examples to better understand the rule:

English	Arabic Sentence	Gender of Verb
Ahmad went to the house	ذَهَبَ أَحْمَدُ إِلَى الْبَيْتِ.	الْمُذَكَّرُ
Fatima went to the house	ذَهَبَتْ فَاطِمَةُ إِلَى الْبَيْتِ.	الْمُؤَنَّثُ
The young man went out of the class	خَرَجَ الْفَتَى مِنَ الْفَصْلِ.	الْمُذَكَّرُ
The young lady went out of the class	خَرَجَتِ الْفَتَاةُ مِنَ الْفَصْلِ.	الْمُؤَنَّثُ
You (masculine) sat on a chair	جَلَسْتَ عَلَى كُرْسِيٍّ.	الْمُذَكَّرُ
You (feminine) sat on a chair	جَلَسْتِ عَلَى كُرْسِيٍّ.	الْمُؤَنَّثُ
The male teacher stood in front of the black board	وَقَفَ الْمُدَرِّسُ أَمَامَ الْسَبُّورَةِ.	الْمُذَكَّرُ
The lady teacher stood in front of the black board	وَقَفَتِ الْمُدَرِّسَةُ أَمَامَ السَبُّورَةِ.	الْمُؤَنَّثُ
The father opened the door	فَتَحَ الأَبُ الْبَابَ.	الْمُذَكَّرُ
The mother opened the door	فَتَحَتِ الأُمُّ الْبَابَ.	الْمُؤَنَّثُ
The male student read the lesson	دَرَسَ الطَّالِبُ الدَّرْسَ.	الْمُذَكَّرُ
The female student read the lesson	دَرَسَتِ الطَّالِبَةُ الدَّرْسَ.	الْمُؤَنَّثُ

Revision – مُرَاجَعَةٌ

• In this lesson we have learnt the following things:

• How to have a dialogue in Arabic
• The conversion of a masculine verb into a feminine verb.
• The use of the feminine Relative Pronoun

Vocabulary Revision – مُرَاجَعَةُ الْمُفْرَدَاتِ
The child	الطِّفْلُ	Who, that, which (fem.)	الَّتِي
The young man	الْفَتَى	Peace be upon you (Greeting)	السَّلامُ عَلَيْكَ
The young lady	الْفَتَاةُ	Peace be upon you as well	وَعَلَيْكَ السَّلاَمُ
The maternal Aunt	الْعَمَّةُ	How are you	كَيْفَ حَالُكَ
Malaysia	مَالِيزِيَا	Supervisor	مُوَجِّهٌ
		The minister	الْوَزِيرُ